Peter M. Haugan

TL;DR: An updated overview of currently available modelling tools, their capabilities and to serve as an aid for modellers in their process of identifying and choosing an appropriate model for analysing energy and electricity systems is presented.

TL;DR: The Barents Sea is the site of coupled feedback processes that are important for creating variability in the entire Arctic air-ice-ocean system as mentioned in this paper, and it has had an important role in Northern Hemisphere climate for, at least, the last 2500 years.

TL;DR: The Ocean Science Decade (OSDEC) as mentioned in this paper is a unique opportunity to change the way we do things, make oceanography fit for purpose of effectively supporting sustainable development, and energize the ocean sciences for future generations.

Abstract: To alleviate the increasing atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide, the principal greenhouse gas, Marchetti1 proposed that CO2, might be separated from flue gases and injected into the oceans This, and subsequent studies2–5, emphasized the need to inject the gas at great depths or in sinking currents to avoid rapid outgassing to the atmosphere Here we show that, to the contrary, the increase in water density that results from CO2, dissolution may be sufficient to transport the dissolved gas to lower depths even for shallow injection (in the upper 200–400 m of the ocean) If the CO2 is injected near the shore, gravity currents will carry the dense, CO2-rich waters along the bottom slope towards deep water Shallow injection near the shore will be less expensive in terms of energy and capital than deep-ocean injection We suggest that the coast of Norway, in the vicinity of existing oil and gas fields and of planned gas power plants, provides an example of a region where the negative buoyancy of CO2-enriched sea water would transport the gas from emission sites to the deep ocean The effect of such measures on marine life downstream of the injection point remains to be evaluated

TL;DR: In this article, the authors recommend key strategies to address these challenges, including stronger integration of sciences and ocean-observing systems, improved science-policy interfaces, new partnerships supported by a new ocean-climate finance system, and improved ocean literacy and education to modify social norms and behaviors.