Although not commonly used, correlation filters can track complex objects through rotations, occlusions and other distractions at over 20 times the rate of current state-of-the-art techniques. The oldest and simplest correlation filters use simple templates and generally fail when applied to tracking. More modern approaches such as ASEF and UMACE perform better, but their training needs are poorly suited to tracking. Visual tracking requires robust filters to be trained from a single frame and dynamically adapted as the appearance of the target object changes. This paper presents a new type of correlation filter, a Minimum Output Sum of Squared Error (MOSSE) filter, which produces stable correlation filters when initialized using a single frame. A tracker based upon MOSSE filters is robust to variations in lighting, scale, pose, and nonrigid deformations while operating at 669 frames per second. Occlusion is detected based upon the peak-to-sidelobe ratio, which enables the tracker to pause and resume where it left off when the object reappears.

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Visual object tracking using adaptive correlation filters

Digital watermarking is a key ingredient to copyright protection. It provides a solution to illegal copying of digital material and has many other useful applications such as broadcast monitoring and the recording of electronic transactions. Now, for the first time, there is a book that focuses exclusively on this exciting technology. Digital Watermarking covers the crucial research findings in the field: it explains the principles underlying digital watermarking technologies, describes the requirements that have given rise to them, and discusses the diverse ends to which these technologies are being applied. As a result, additional groundwork is laid for future developments in this field, helping the reader understand and anticipate new approaches and applications.

Digital Watermarking

An intelligent electronic appliance preferably includes a user interface, data input and/or output port, and an intelligent processor. A preferred embodiment comprises a set top box for interacting with broadband media streams, with an adaptive user interface, content-based media processing and/or media metadata processing, and telecommunications integration. An adaptive user interface models the user, by observation, feedback, and/or explicit input, and presents a user interface and/or executes functions based on the user model. A content-based media processing system analyzes media content, for example audio and video, to understand the content, for example to generate content-descriptive metadata. A media metadata processing system operates on locally or remotely generated metadata to process the media in accordance with the metadata, which may be, for example, an electronic program guide, MPEG 7 data, and/or automatically generated format. A set top box preferably includes digital trick play effects, and incorporated digital rights management features.

Intelligent electronic appliance system and method

An adaptive interface for a programmable system, for predicting a desired user function, based on user history, as well as machine internal status and context. The apparatus receives an input from the user and other data. A predicted input is presented for confirmation by the user, and the predictive mechanism is updated based on this feedback. Also provided is a pattern recognition system for a multimedia device, wherein a user input is matched to a video stream on a conceptual basis, allowing inexact programming of a multimedia device. The system analyzes a data stream for correspondence with a data pattern for processing and storage. The data stream is subjected to adaptive pattern recognition to extract features of interest to provide a highly compressed representation which may be efficiently processed to determine correspondence. Applications of the interface and system include a VCR, medical device, vehicle control system, audio device, environmental control system, securities trading terminal, and smart house. The system optionally includes an actuator for effecting the environment of operation, allowing closed-loop feedback operation and automated learning.

Ergonomic man-machine interface incorporating adaptive pattern recognition based control system

(b) Write out the equations for the time dependence of ρ11, ρ22, ρ12 and ρ21 assuming that a light field interaction V = -μ12Ee iωt + c.c. couples only levels |1> and |2>, and that the excited levels exhibit spontaneous decay. (8 marks) (c) Under steady-state conditions, find the ratio of populations in states |2> and |3>. (3 marks) (d) Find the slowly varying amplitude ̃ ρ 12 of the polarization ρ12 = ̃ ρ 12e iωt . (6 marks) (e) In the limiting case that no decay is possible from intermediate level |3>, what is the ground state population ρ11(∞)? (2 marks) 2. (15 marks total) In a 2-level atom system subjected to a strong field, dressed states are created in the form |D1(n)> = sin θ |1,n> + cos θ |2,n-1> |D2(n)> = cos θ |1,n> sin θ |2,n-1>

The Quantum Theory of Light

We propose a new optical encoding method of images for security applications. The encoded image is obtained by random-phase encoding in both the input and the Fourier planes. We analyze the statistical properties of this technique and show that the encoding converts the input signal to stationary white noise and that the reconstruction method is robust.

Optical image encryption based on input plane and Fourier plane random encoding.

A method of constructing optimal multicriteria filters for optical pattern recognition is presented. In the particular case of synthetic discriminant function filters, this method is illustrated for double-optimization criteria, and filters that are not overspecialized are obtained, in contrast with traditional techniques. Furthermore, a rigorous comparison between different filters, with respect to the considered criteria, is provided with this approach.

Filter design for optical pattern recognition: multicriteria optimization approach.

Filters that have optimal trade-offs among the criteria of noise robustness, sharpness of the correlation peak, and Horner efficiency are presented, and an explicit mathematical expression is provided. Owing to their optimality, these filters provide a figure of merit and then permit a rigorous characterization of filter performances for optical pattern recognition.

Optimal trade-off filters for noise robustness, sharpness of the correlation peak, and Horner efficiency.

The spatio-temporal properties of partially polarized light are analyzed in order to separate partial polarization and partial coherence. For that purpose we introduce useful invariance properties which allow one to characterize intrinsic properties of the optical light independently of the particular experimental conditions. This approach leads to new degrees of coherence and their relation with measurable quantities is discussed. These results are illustrated on some simple examples.

Invariant degrees of coherence of partially polarized light.

We consider the recently proposed double phase-encoding system [Opt. Lett.20, 767 (1995)]. We study the robustness of the decoding process, that is, the way in which a perturbation of the coded image modifies the decoded image. We demonstrate that the amplitude signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in the decoded image is strictly (and not only statistically) equal to the SNR in the coded image for different kinds of coded-image perturbations. In optical implementations the intensity of the decoded image is measured at the output of the decoding system. We show that there exists a simple relation between the intensity SNR of the decoded image and the amplitude SNR of the coded image and that this relation is quasi-independent of the nature of the coded-image perturbation. The results presented could provide a simple and efficient way of determining the precision level of the components of the optical decoding system necessary to reach a predefined quality level of the decoded image.

Philippe Réfrégier

Papers

Optical image encryption based on input plane and Fourier plane random encoding.

Filter design for optical pattern recognition: multicriteria optimization approach.

Optimal trade-off filters for noise robustness, sharpness of the correlation peak, and Horner efficiency.

Invariant degrees of coherence of partially polarized light.

Influence of a perturbation in a double phase-encoding system