The resurgence of research into cancer metabolism has recently broadened interests beyond glucose and the Warburg effect to other nutrients, including glutamine. Because oncogenic alterations of metabolism render cancer cells addicted to nutrients, pathways involved in glycolysis or glutaminolysis could be exploited for therapeutic purposes. In this Review, we provide an updated overview of glutamine metabolism and its involvement in tumorigenesis in vitro and in vivo, and explore the recent potential applications of basic science discoveries in the clinical setting.

/pdf/from-krebs-to-clinic-glutamine-metabolism-to-cancer-therapy-4hqfit9bso.pdf

From Krebs to clinic: glutamine metabolism to cancer therapy.

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Fear of crime : interpreting victimization risk

There have been extensive developments on cellular and molecular mechanisms of immune regulation in allergy, asthma, autoimmune diseases, tumor development, organ transplantation, and chronic infections during the last few years. Better understanding the functions, reciprocal regulation, and counterbalance of subsets of immune and inflammatory cells that interact through interleukins, interferons, TNF-α, and TGF-β offer opportunities for immune interventions and novel treatment modalities in the era of development of biological immune response modifiers particularly targeting these molecules or their receptors. More than 60 cytokines have been designated as interleukins since the initial discoveries of monocyte and lymphocyte interleukins (called IL-1 and IL-2, respectively). Studies of transgenic or gene-deficient mice with altered expression of these cytokines or their receptors and analyses of mutations and polymorphisms in human genes that encode these products have provided essential information about their functions. Here we review recent developments on IL-1 to IL-38, TNF-α, TGF-β, and interferons. We highlight recent advances during the last few years in this area and extensively discuss their cellular sources, targets, receptors, signaling pathways, and roles in immune regulation in patients with allergy and asthma and other inflammatory diseases.

Interleukins (from IL-1 to IL-38), interferons, transforming growth factor β, and TNF-α: Receptors, functions, and roles in diseases

Loss of Bcl-6-Expressing T Follicular Helper Cells and Germinal Centers in COVID-19.

The metabolome, the collection of small-molecule chemical entities involved in metabolism, has traditionally been studied with the aim of identifying biomarkers in the diagnosis and prediction of disease. However, the value of metabolome analysis (metabolomics) has been redefined from a simple biomarker identification tool to a technology for the discovery of active drivers of biological processes. It is now clear that the metabolome affects cellular physiology through modulation of other 'omics' levels, including the genome, epigenome, transcriptome and proteome. In this Review, we focus on recent progress in using metabolomics to understand how the metabolome influences other omics and, by extension, to reveal the active role of metabolites in physiology and disease. This concept of utilizing metabolomics to perform activity screens to identify biologically active metabolites - which we term activity metabolomics - is already having a broad impact on biology.

/pdf/identification-of-bioactive-metabolites-using-activity-xqhgb7kqo1.pdf

Identification of bioactive metabolites using activity metabolomics

Insécurité et traitement policier des victimations

Immunological synapse (IS) formation is a key event during antigen recognition by T cells. Recent experimental evidence suggests that the affinity between T cell receptors (TCRs) and antigen is actively modulated during the early steps of TCR signaling. In this work, we used an agent-based model to study possible mechanisms for affinity modulation during IS formation. We show that, without any specific active mechanism, the observed affinity between receptors and ligands evolves over time and depends on the density of ligands of the antigen peptide presented by major histocompatibility complexes (pMHC) and TCR molecules. A comparison between the presence or absence of TCR–pMHC centrally directed flow due to F-actin coupling suggests that centripetal transport is a potential mechanism for affinity modulation. The model further suggests that the time point of affinity measurement during immune synapse formation is critical. Finally, a mathematical model of F-actin foci formation incorporated in the agent-based model shows that TCR affinity can potentially be actively modulated by positive/negative feedback of the F-actin foci on the TCR-pMHC association rate kon.

https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/21/18/6473/pdf

Agent-Based Modeling of T Cell Receptor Cooperativity.

1. Introduction Ce dossier-debat consacre a la sociologie de l’insecurite fait suite a une premiere livraison parue dans le volume 44, numero 4, 2002. Aussi divers que les precedents, les trois textes reunis ici completent en l’elargissant la palette des manieres d’exercer le metier de sociologue, de prendre part au debat social, de produire des connaissances, de penser les liens entre science et societe. S’agit-il vraiment du meme « objet » ? On en douterait presque tant les postures de rech...

La sociologie, les sociologues et l’insécurité (suite)

Violence – that is, interpersonal violence – now pervades public debate in present-day France. For politicians, essayists and journalists its importance is beyond any doubt. Very few of them have taken the trouble – or are armed – to give a concrete content of that terrifying term, however.

Philippe Robert

Papers

Insécurité et traitement policier des victimations

Agent-Based Modeling of T Cell Receptor Cooperativity.

La sociologie, les sociologues et l’insécurité (suite)

Violence in Present-Day France: Data and Sociological Analysis

La justice francaise et les affaires de corruption