Vehicle electrification is envisioned to be a significant component of the forthcoming smart grid. In this paper, a smart grid vision of the electric vehicles for the next 30 years and beyond is presented from six perspectives pertinent to intelligent transportation systems: 1) vehicles; 2) infrastructure; 3) travelers; 4) systems, operations, and scenarios; 5) communications; and 6) social, economic, and political.

Electrified Vehicles and the Smart Grid: The ITS Perspective

Recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) technologies have induced tremendous growth in innovation and automation. Although these AI technologies offer significant benefits, they can be used maliciously. Highly targeted and evasive attacks in benign carrier applications, such as DeepLocker, have demonstrated the intentional use of AI for harmful purposes. Threat actors are constantly changing and improving their attack strategy with particular emphasis on the application of AI-driven techniques in the attack process, called AI-based cyber attack, which can be used in conjunction with conventional attack techniques to cause greater damage. Despite several studies on AI and security, researchers have not summarized AI-based cyber attacks enough to be able to understand the adversary’s actions and to develop proper defenses against such attacks. This study aims to explore existing studies of AI-based cyber attacks and to map them onto a proposed framework, providing insight into new threats. Our framework includes the classification of several aspects of malicious uses of AI during the cyber attack life cycle and provides a basis for their detection to predict future threats. We also explain how to apply this framework to analyze AI-based cyber attacks in a hypothetical scenario of a critical smart grid infrastructure.

The AI-Based Cyber Threat Landscape: A Survey

Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) are being integrated into the power market by customers rather than large scale energy suppliers, thereby slowly transforming the centralized, unidirectional market to a decentralized, bidirectional market and transitioning customers into prosumers. Various system architectures are used in the real field to coordinate the energy distribution in the micro/ mini-grids integrated with DERs, all of which have their strengths, weaknesses and challenges. Peer-to-peer (P2P) is an emerging architecture in the field of electrical energy trading and Distributed Generation (DG) management that can be applied in local energy markets. This paper focuses on P2P energy trading, with an in-depth discussion on its various operating algorithms, their principles, characteristics, features and scope through state of art review on P2P. Furthermore, the energy system of Nepal is used as a case study in this paper, and the micro/mini-grids of Nepal and their associated challenges, constraints and opportunities for improvement are discussed. Finally, an energy trading model is proposed to address the problems occurring in the specific case of Nepalese energy market.

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Peer-to-Peer Energy Trading in Micro/Mini-Grids for Local Energy Communities: A Review and Case Study of Nepal

https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02504615/document

Towards a Characterisation of Smart Systems: A Systematic Literature Review

Synthesis of an intelligent rural village microgrid control strategy based on smartgrid multi-agent modelling and transactive energy management principles

Smart Cyber--Physical Systems (sCPS) are modern CPS systems that are engineered to seamlessly integrate a large number of computation and physical components; they need to control entities in their environment in a smart and collective way to achieve a high degree of effectiveness and efficiency. At the same time, these systems are supposed to be safe and secure, deal with environment dynamicity and uncertainty, cope with external threats, and optimize their behavior to achieve the best possible outcome. This "smartness" typically stems from highly cooperative behavior, self--awareness, self--adaptation, and selfoptimization. Most of the "smartness" is implemented in software, which makes the software one of the most complex and most critical constituents of sCPS. As the specifics of sCPS render traditional software engineering approaches not directly applicable, new and innovative approaches to software engineering of sCPS need to be sought. This paper reports on the results of the Second International Workshop on Software Engineering for Smart Cyber--Physical Systems (SEsCPS 2016), which specifically focuses on challenges and promising solutions in the area of software engineering for sCPS.

Software Engineering for Smart Cyber-Physical Systems: Challenges and Promising Solutions

The introduction of low-cost renewable energy production, e.g., by photovoltaic, has turned classical grid nodes like homes and offices in prosumers, taking an active role in smart energy systems by merging home-automation and energy production functionality. However, to become a self-balancing element of a stable smart grid, supporting the energy-aware cooperative production, storage, and consumption, a scalable software is needed, tailored for smart micro grids and their integration in large-scale systems. In the following, the implementation of a layered SOA-based distributed architecture is presented, that provides open interfaces simplifying the plug-and-play of hardware and software components.

Establishing a smart grid node architecture and demonstrator in an office environment using the SOA approach

Flexible, extensible and lightweight architectures are necessary to allow the participation of small energy producers in the smart grid. In addition to an intelligent energy management system on top of a home automation system these nodes exchange information with other smart grid nodes to enable services like energy trading or demand side management as well as to establish a stable and scalable smart grid. In order to support future developments in the areas of sensing and metering devices, actuators, production and storage technologies and communication protocols a flexible and extensible design is essential. Besides the mentioned areas the proposed architecture supports a distributed deployment on small and energy-saving computing devices to decrease visibility and energy consumption as much as possible. In the further implementation of the layered approach we distinguish between the core system and functional components. Connected via an enterprise message bus the functional can be implemented using different programming languages and deployed on various networked devices following the SOA principles. The core system includes authentication, configuration, persistent storage and a plug and play registration of functional components. In this paper, the design and functionality of our layered and component based architecture is presented.

Advancement of a Sensor Aided Smart Grid Node Architecture

One of the most important functional requirements of an electrical grid is the balance between consumption and production of power and due to the centralized structure of grids, this balance is currently achieved through central power generation. However, the increased usage of decentralized renewable energy sources in combination with the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) applied to the grid tends to result in a global reformation of the current electrical grid. During this reformation new features will occur such as the handling of bidirectional energy flows, automatic fault detection, self-healing of the network, demand-side management, load adjustment, smart sensing and measurement to name only a few. Due to the increased complexity associated with the requirements of this features there is a high need for capturing, modeling, specifying and formalizing them. Thus, predicate logic plays a significant role for the logical specification of system behavior. This paper provides an insight into the current- and future grid. A 3-tier architecture is introduced specialized on the aspects of a smart grid. A show case demonstrates how this architecture assist us by understanding the reformation process of the basic electrical grid to a cellular smart grid. Thus, we introduce the concept of cellular composition and decomposition. For the formalization of the above concepts we propose a constraint based engineering method based on FOCUS [1] theory which also aims to assist engineers from multiple disciplines during the entire phase of reformation. Finally we apply the method to describe Self-Healing Smart Grids and present a model for fault-detection and restoration.

Towards a constraint based approach for Self-Healing Smart Grids

Smart and energy efficient (office) buildings do not only have to implement smart sensors and actuators, they should also be able to be optimized to be as energy efficient as possible based on the behavior of the user. This paper focuses on knowledge extraction of a smart building and automatic rule creation based on that knowledge. We are using different methods to analyze this data, create the appropriate rule set based on the extracted data and based on the correlation and dependencies of different datasets. These methods are also detecting changes in the data (resp. the behavior of the user) and adapts the ruleset accordingly.

Pragya Kirti Gupta

Papers

Software Engineering for Smart Cyber-Physical Systems: Challenges and Promising Solutions

Establishing a smart grid node architecture and demonstrator in an office environment using the SOA approach

Advancement of a Sensor Aided Smart Grid Node Architecture

Towards a constraint based approach for Self-Healing Smart Grids

Using knowledge discovery for autonomous decision making in smart grid nodes