Over the past decade, the Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death (NCCD) has formulated guidelines for the definition and interpretation of cell death from morphological, biochemical, and functional perspectives. Since the field continues to expand and novel mechanisms that orchestrate multiple cell death pathways are unveiled, we propose an updated classification of cell death subroutines focusing on mechanistic and essential (as opposed to correlative and dispensable) aspects of the process. As we provide molecularly oriented definitions of terms including intrinsic apoptosis, extrinsic apoptosis, mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT)-driven necrosis, necroptosis, ferroptosis, pyroptosis, parthanatos, entotic cell death, NETotic cell death, lysosome-dependent cell death, autophagy-dependent cell death, immunogenic cell death, cellular senescence, and mitotic catastrophe, we discuss the utility of neologisms that refer to highly specialized instances of these processes. The mission of the NCCD is to provide a widely accepted nomenclature on cell death in support of the continued development of the field.

https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8555786/file/8555788.pdf

Molecular mechanisms of cell death: recommendations of the Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death 2018.

In 2009, the Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death (NCCD) proposed a set of recommendations for the definition of distinct cell death morphologies and for the appropriate use of cell death-related terminology, including 'apoptosis', 'necrosis' and 'mitotic catastrophe'. In view of the substantial progress in the biochemical and genetic exploration of cell death, time has come to switch from morphological to molecular definitions of cell death modalities. Here we propose a functional classification of cell death subroutines that applies to both in vitro and in vivo settings and includes extrinsic apoptosis, caspase-dependent or -independent intrinsic apoptosis, regulated necrosis, autophagic cell death and mitotic catastrophe. Moreover, we discuss the utility of expressions indicating additional cell death modalities. On the basis of the new, revised NCCD classification, cell death subroutines are defined by a series of precise, measurable biochemical features.

/pdf/molecular-definitions-of-cell-death-subroutines-q5g428rlyi.pdf

Molecular definitions of cell death subroutines: recommendations of the Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death 2012

Practice guidelines in acute pancreatitis.

https://www.spg.pt/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/2013-ACG_Guideline_AcutePancreatitis_September_2013.pdf

American College of Gastroenterology guideline: management of acute pancreatitis.

Autophagy is a mechanism by which cellular material is delivered to lysosomes for degradation, leading to the basal turnover of cell components and providing energy and macromolecular precursors. Autophagy has opposing, context-dependent roles in cancer, and interventions to both stimulate and inhibit autophagy have been proposed as cancer therapies. This has led to the therapeutic targeting of autophagy in cancer to be sometimes viewed as controversial. In this Review, we suggest a way forwards for the effective targeting of autophagy by understanding the context-dependent roles of autophagy and by capitalizing on modern approaches to clinical trial design.

/pdf/targeting-autophagy-in-cancer-2pjcn0h04a.pdf

Targeting autophagy in cancer

/pdf/endoscopic-management-of-pancreatic-fluid-collections-293r6c6nae.pdf

Endoscopic Management of Pancreatic Fluid Collections: Guidelines of Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy of India and Indian EUS Club

833 A Comparitive Study of Primary Conservative Treatment Versus Surgery for Infected Pancreatic Necrosis Over Ten Years (1997-2006)

Common bile duct stones are usually associated with stones in the gallbladder. During the period 1989-1991, however, we encountered 17 patients with common bile duct (CBD) stones without gallbladder stones who had presented with obstructive jaundice and cholangitis. Their ages ranged between 30 and 72 years ; 10 were female and seven male. Five of them had a deceptive presentation and were initially mis-diagnosed as having a malignant lesion. It was endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography that correctly diagnosed the presence of CBD stones in all 17 patients. Therapeutic sphincterotomy led to subsidence of cholangitis in 16 patients and retrieval of stones in 13 of them. Three patients required nasobiliary decompression because stones could not be retrieved. One patient required emergency surgery due to flare-up of cholangitis. Cholesterol concentration of the retrieved stones was 70-92% of the dry weight. Thus, these 17 patients formed a distinct subgroup who had cholesterol CBD stones with stoneless gallbladder, and five of these 17 patients had presentations mimicking malignant lesions.

Cholesterol bile duct stones with no stones in the gallbladder.

Sa1442 Endoscopic Cystogastrostomy Without Transpapillary Pancreatic Ductal Stenting Provides Long-Term Success for Pseudocysts/Walled-Off Necrosis Following Acute Pancreatitis: A Single Centre Experience

The major causes of chronic pancreatitis (CP) include toxic injury due to alcohol and smoking, hereditary and non-hereditary genetic predisposition, metabolic derangements in the form of hypercalcemia and hypertriglyceridemia, anatomical abnormalities such as pancreas divisum, obstructive pathology such as tumours, and idiopathic. The cause of idiopathic CP has long been unclear. Initial thinking regarding the pathogenesis of idiopathic CP revolved around multiple environmental factors such as diet and toxins but such hypotheses were never proven in well-designed case-control studies (59). During the last decade, attention has dramatically shifted towards underlying genetic susceptibility as a risk factor in developing CP. With regard to alcohol as the cause of CP, it is not known why only a minority of patients who abuse alcohol develop CP, again suggesting genetic predisposition as a significant risk factor. Indeed, intense research has revealed a strong genetic influence in the pathogenesis of CP and has renewed interest in the study of gene-environment interactions, similar to other common polygenic and poorlyunderstood diseases such as diabetes.

/pdf/idiopathic-chronic-pancreatitis-genetic-predisposition-4y06as4bjs.pdf

Pramod Kumar Garg

Papers

Endoscopic Management of Pancreatic Fluid Collections: Guidelines of Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy of India and Indian EUS Club

833 A Comparitive Study of Primary Conservative Treatment Versus Surgery for Infected Pancreatic Necrosis Over Ten Years (1997-2006)

Cholesterol bile duct stones with no stones in the gallbladder.

Sa1442 Endoscopic Cystogastrostomy Without Transpapillary Pancreatic Ductal Stenting Provides Long-Term Success for Pseudocysts/Walled-Off Necrosis Following Acute Pancreatitis: A Single Centre Experience

Idiopathic Chronic Pancreatitis: Genetic Predisposition