So far in this course we have dealt entirely with the evolution of characters that are controlled by simple Mendelian inheritance at a single locus. There are notes on the course website about gametic disequilibrium and how allele frequencies change at two loci simultaneously, but we didn’t discuss them. In every example we’ve considered we’ve imagined that we could understand something about evolution by examining the evolution of a single gene. That’s the domain of classical population genetics. For the next few weeks we’re going to be exploring a field that’s actually older than classical population genetics, although the approach we’ll be taking to it involves the use of population genetic machinery. If you know a little about the history of evolutionary biology, you may know that after the rediscovery of Mendel’s work in 1900 there was a heated debate between the “biometricians” (e.g., Galton and Pearson) and the “Mendelians” (e.g., de Vries, Correns, Bateson, and Morgan). Biometricians asserted that the really important variation in evolution didn’t follow Mendelian rules. Height, weight, skin color, and similar traits seemed to

Human biochemical genetics

Soil Chemical Analysis

As part of a World Health Organization-led effort to update the empirical evidence base for the leishmaniases, national experts provided leishmaniasis case data for the last 5 years and information regarding treatment and control in their respective countries and a comprehensive literature review was conducted covering publications on leishmaniasis in 98 regional level between 2007 and 2011. Two questionnaires regarding epidemiology and drug access were completed by experts and national program managers. Visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis incidence ranges were estimated by country and epidemiological region based on reported incidence, underreporting rates if available, and the judgment of national and international experts. Based on these estimates, approximately 0.2 to 0.4 cases and 0.7 to 1.2 million VL and CL cases, respectively, occur each year. More than 90% of global VL cases occur in six countries: India, Bangladesh, Sudan, South Sudan, Ethiopia and Brazil. Cutaneous leishmaniasis is more widely distributed, with about one-third of cases occurring in each of three epidemiological regions, the Americas, the Mediterranean basin, and western Asia from the Middle East to Central Asia. The ten countries with the highest estimated case counts, Afghanistan, Algeria, Colombia, Brazil, Iran, Syria, Ethiopia, North Sudan, Costa Rica and Peru, together account for 70 to 75% of global estimated CL incidence. Mortality data were extremely sparse and generally represent hospital-based deaths only. Using an overall case-fatality rate of 10%, we reach a tentative estimate of 20,000 to 40,000 leishmaniasis deaths per year. Although the information is very poor in a number of countries, this is the first in-depth exercise to better estimate the real impact of leishmaniasis. These data should help to define control strategies and reinforce leishmaniasis advocacy. Funding: The Spanish Agency for International Cooperation for Development (AECID) has provided generous support to the WHO Leishmaniasis program since 2005. This support permitted among many other activities regional meetings with the AFRO, EURO, PAHO and SEARO countries, and provided for short term contracts for IDV, MdB, MH and JS related to the preparation of the country profiles. Sanofi provided a grant for a regional meeting with the EMRO countries and various activities related to the control of cutaneous Leishmaniasis in the EMRO region. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. * E-mail: alvarj@who.int . These authors contributed equally to this work " For a full list of the members of the WHO Leishmaniasis Control Team please see the Acknowledgments section.

/pdf/leishmaniasis-worldwide-and-global-estimates-of-its-3u3xol0yef.pdf

Leishmaniasis Worldwide and Global Estimates of Its Incidence

From the Publisher: 
The accessible presentation of this book gives both a general view of the entire computer vision enterprise and also offers sufficient detail to be able to build useful applications. Users learn techniques that have proven to be useful by first-hand experience and a wide range of mathematical methods. A CD-ROM with every copy of the text contains source code for programming practice, color images, and illustrative movies. Comprehensive and up-to-date, this book includes essential topics that either reflect practical significance or are of theoretical importance. Topics are discussed in substantial and increasing depth. Application surveys describe numerous important application areas such as image based rendering and digital libraries. Many important algorithms broken down and illustrated in pseudo code. Appropriate for use by engineers as a comprehensive reference to the computer vision enterprise.

Computer vision : a modern approach = 计算机视觉 : 一种现代的方法

International Journal of Computer and Applications

The genome sequencing of H37Rv strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis was completed in 1998 followed by the whole genome sequencing of a clinical isolate, CDC1551 in 2002. Since then, the genomic sequences of a number of other strains have become available making it one of the better studied pathogenic bacterial species at the genomic level. However, annotation of its genome remains challenging because of high GC content and dissimilarity to other model prokaryotes. To this end, we carried out an in-depth proteogenomic analysis of the M. tuberculosis H37Rv strain using Fourier transform mass spectrometry with high resolution at both MS and tandem MS levels. In all, we identified 3176 proteins from Mycobacterium tuberculosis representing ~80% of its total predicted gene count. In addition to protein database search, we carried out a genome database search, which led to identification of ~250 novel peptides. Based on these novel genome search-specific peptides, we discovered 41 novel protein coding genes in the H37Rv genome. Using peptide evidence and alternative gene prediction tools, we also corrected 79 gene models. Finally, mass spectrometric data from N terminus-derived peptides confirmed 727 existing annotations for translational start sites while correcting those for 33 proteins. We report creation of a high confidence set of protein coding regions in Mycobacterium tuberculosis genome obtained by high resolution tandem mass-spectrometry at both precursor and fragment detection steps for the first time. This proteogenomic approach should be generally applicable to other organisms whose genomes have already been sequenced for obtaining a more accurate catalogue of protein-coding genes.

Proteogenomic analysis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by high resolution

Electromyography (EMG) is a technique that studies the electrical activity of the muscle. EMG is the basic component of Myo armband. The MYO ARMBAND is a device which can be used by humans to interact with computers. The myo armband involves the interaction of devices in VE (virtual environment). Working and characteristics of Myo are studied and analyzed. This paper surveys the work on visual analysis of gestures by using Myo armband and the input from keyboard and mouse. We have also performed two tests where participants are allowed to play a game, first by using keyboard and other by using MYO. Discussion and conclusion are also written at the end of this paper.

Evaluating and exploring the MYO ARMBAND

The valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) model has enjoyed remarkable success explaining the shapes of molecules consisting of main group atoms. Exceptional compounds are known, however, which display the «inert pair effect»: they contain a lone pair of electrons that appear spherically symmetrical and are thus stereochemcally inactive. We consider BiI 6 3- , BiCl 6 3- , BiI 3 , and SbI 3 as prototypical molecules and solids containing six-coordinate, group 15 atoms with stereochemically active or inactive lone pair electrons on the central atom

Stereochemically active or inactive lone pair electrons in some six-coordinate, group 15 halides

Structure and bonding in L2M(.mu.-CCR)2ML2 and L2M(.mu.-RC4R)ML2 (L2M = Cp2Zr, Cp2Ti, R2Al, R(NR3)Be, (tmpda)Li, H2B, and H2C+). A molecular orbital study

The nitric oxide donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP) promotes regreening of Fe-deficient maize plants. The effect is not the outcome of increased tissue Fe but of NO-modulation of oxidative changes that may favour conversions of internal Fe to more readily available ferrous iron.

Praveen Kumar

Papers

Proteogenomic analysis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by high resolution

Evaluating and exploring the MYO ARMBAND

Stereochemically active or inactive lone pair electrons in some six-coordinate, group 15 halides

Structure and bonding in L2M(.mu.-CCR)2ML2 and L2M(.mu.-RC4R)ML2 (L2M = Cp2Zr, Cp2Ti, R2Al, R(NR3)Be, (tmpda)Li, H2B, and H2C+). A molecular orbital study

and modulation of antioxidant responses in maize plants