Decentralized content sharing in mobile ad-hoc networks: A survey

SF-GoeR: an emergency information dissemination routing in flying Ad-hoc network to support healthcare monitoring

Impact of Routing Techniques and Mobility Models on Flying Ad Hoc Networks

Unmanned air vehicles (UAVs) has shown great potential to enable numerous applications ranging from industry verticals to public safety communications. However, various challenges also arises with its integration into the existing terrestrial networks such as efficient UAV positioning, power allocation, trajectory design, and resource allocation. The existing conventional optimization solutions are not intelligent enough to overcome those challenges. Thus, real-time optimization and machine learning assisted solutions, and emerging technologies are required to overcome those challenges. To address those challenges, we summarized key technologies and research directions for UAV deployment at the edge or in the cell center, the power allocation and localization schemes, and the federated learning solutions. 

Intelligent Unmanned Air Vehicles for Public Safety Networks: Emerging Technologies and Research Directions

The Expected Transmission Count (ETX) metric is an advanced routing metric for finding high-throughput paths in multi-hop wireless networks. However, it has been determined that ETX is not immune to load sensitivity and route oscillations in a single radio environment. Route oscillations refer to the situation where packet transmission switches between two or more routes due to congestion. This has the effect of degrading performance of the network, as the routing protocol may select a non optimal path. In this paper we avoid the route oscillation problem using a route stabilization technique which forces data transmission on a fixed route. We implement this solution in a popular routing protocol, AODV, by disabling both error messages and periodic updating messages. Therefore, packet transmissions will stay on the routes initially found by AODV. ETX is compared with a widely used routing metric, HOPS, for reference purposes. We find ETX greatly improves initial route selection in AODV compared to HOPS in networks in which only single flows exists. For networks in which there are multiple simultaneous flows, ETX behaves similar to HOPS in initial route selection. Although the known cause of performance degradation is eliminated, the ETX metric still shows anomalous behavior. We determine that a major cause of the poor performance of ETX is additional collisions due to extra overhead. We propose a modified solution in which we repeatedly broadcast RREQ (Route Request) packets. Simulation results show that our modified solution improves ETX in the initial route selection in both single flows and multiple flows cases.

On the performance of expected transmission count (ETX) for wireless mesh networks

Flying ad hoc network (FANET) provides portable and flexible communication for many applications and possesses several unique design challenges; a key one is the successful delivery of messages to the destination, reliably. For reliable communication, routing plays an important role, which establishes a path between source and destination on the basis of certain criteria. Conventional routing protocols of FANET generally use a minimum hop count criterion to find the best route between source and destination, which results in lower latency with the consideration that there is single source/destination network environment. However, in a network with multiple sources, the minimum hop count routing criterion along with the 1-Hop HELLO messages broadcasted by each node in the network may deteriorate the network performance in terms of high End-to-End (ETE) delay and decrease in the lifetime of the network. This research work proposes a Reliable link-adaptive position-based routing protocol (RLPR) for FANET. It uses relative speed, signal strength, and energy of the nodes along with the geographic distance towards the destination using a forwarding angle. This angle is used to determine the forwarding zone that decreases the undesirable control messages in the network in order to discover the route. RLPR enhances the network performance by selecting those relay nodes which are in the forwarding zone and whose geographic movement is towards the destination. Additionally, RLPR selects the next hop with better energy level and uses signal strength and relative speed of the nodes to achieve high connectivity-level. Based on the performance evaluation performed in the Network simulator (ns-2.35), it has been analysed that RLPR outperforms the Robust and reliable predictive based routing (RARP) and Ad hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV) protocols in different scenarios. The results show that RLPR achieves a 33% reduction in control messages overhead as compared to RARP and 45% reduction as compared to AODV. Additionally, RLPR shows a 55% improvement in the lifetime of the network as compared to RARP and 65% as compared to AODV. Moreover, the search success rate in RLPR is 16% better as compared to RARP and 28% as compared to AODV.

A Reliable Link-Adaptive Position-Based Routing Protocol for Flying ad hoc Network

One of the burgeoning ad hoc networks that take advantage of Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) to coordinate and share the information with one another and to forward the desired data to the intended destination or ground station is usually insinuated as Flying ad hoc network (FANET). FANET provides new ways of information sharing in several applications of the military- and civilian-based communication systems. Nevertheless, due to the dynamic topological structure in FANET, it has many distinctive challenges; a key one is the effective and reliable sharing of messages with the destination. Consequently, choosing the most effective node and link according to the desired objectives within the defined vicinity play a vital role. Particularly, in this regard, a Lifetime improvement through suitable next-hop nodes (LISN) using forwarding angle by establishing the forwarding zone in FANET has been proposed. The forwarding zone is created to spot the front relative nodes. Among the front relatives, the most effective appropriate node is chosen with a comparatively higher energy state. LISN is analyzed using ns-2.35 and compared with ad hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV) and Robust and reliable predictive based routing (RARP) protocols. The results show that LISN enhances the lifetime of the network as compared to AODV and RARP.

Lifetime Improvement Through Suitable Next Hop Nodes Using Forwarding Angle in FANET

Flying ad hoc network (FANET) provides portable and flexible communication for many applications and possesses several unique design challenges; a key one is the successful delivery of messages to the destination, reliably. For reliable communication, routing plays an important role, which establishes a path between source and destination on the basis of certain criteria. Conventional routing protocols of FANET generally use a minimum hop count criterion to find the best route between source and destination, which results in lower latency with the consideration that there is single source/destination network environment. However, in a network with multiple sources, the minimum hop count routing criterion along with the 1-Hop HELLO messages broadcasted by each node in the network may deteriorate the network performance in terms of high End-to-End (ETE) delay and decrease in the lifetime of the network. This research work proposes a Reliable link-adaptive position-based routing protocol (RLPR) for FANET. It uses relative speed, signal strength, and energy of the nodes along with the geographic distance towards the destination using a forwarding angle. This angle is used to determine the forwarding zone that decreases the undesirable control messages in the network in order to discover the route. RLPR enhances the network performance by selecting those relay nodes which are in the forwarding zone and whose geographic movement is towards the destination. Additionally, RLPR selects the next hop with better energy level and uses signal strength and relative speed of the nodes to achieve high connectivity-level. Based on the performance evaluation performed in the Network simulator (ns-2.35), it has been analysed that RLPR outperforms the Robust and reliable predictive based routing (RARP) and Ad hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV) protocols in different scenarios.

Qamar Usman

Papers

A Reliable Link-Adaptive Position-Based Routing Protocol for Flying ad hoc Network

Lifetime Improvement Through Suitable Next Hop Nodes Using Forwarding Angle in FANET

A Reliable Link-adaptive Position-based Routing Protocol for Flying Ad hoc Network