Reviving Vibration Energy Harvesting and Self-Powered Sensing by a Triboelectric Nanogenerator

The Internet of Things (IoT)-centric concepts like augmented reality, high-resolution video streaming, self-driven cars, smart environment, e-health care, etc. have a ubiquitous presence now. These applications require higher data-rates, large bandwidth, increased capacity, low latency and high throughput. In light of these emerging concepts, IoT has revolutionized the world by providing seamless connectivity between heterogeneous networks (HetNets). The eventual aim of IoT is to introduce the plug and play technology providing the end-user, ease of operation, remotely access control and configurability. This paper presents the IoT technology from a bird’s eye view covering its statistical/architectural trends, use cases, challenges and future prospects. The paper also presents a detailed and extensive overview of the emerging 5G-IoT scenario. Fifth Generation (5G) cellular networks provide key enabling technologies for ubiquitous deployment of the IoT technology. These include carrier aggregation, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO), massive-MIMO (M-MIMO), coordinated multipoint processing (CoMP), device-to-device (D2D) communications, centralized radio access network (CRAN), software-defined wireless sensor networking (SD-WSN), network function virtualization (NFV) and cognitive radios (CRs). This paper presents an exhaustive review for these key enabling technologies and also discusses the new emerging use cases of 5G-IoT driven by the advances in artificial intelligence, machine and deep learning, ongoing 5G initiatives, quality of service (QoS) requirements in 5G and its standardization issues. Finally, the paper discusses challenges in the implementation of 5G-IoT due to high data-rates requiring both cloud-based platforms and IoT devices based edge computing.

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Internet of Things (IoT) for Next-Generation Smart Systems: A Review of Current Challenges, Future Trends and Prospects for Emerging 5G-IoT Scenarios

The state-of-the-art review on energy harvesting from flow-induced vibrations

Mechanical modulations for enhancing energy harvesting: Principles, methods and applications

Optical wireless communication (OWC) is an excellent complementary solution to its radio frequency (RF) counterpart. OWC technologies have been demonstrated to be able to support high traffic generated by massive connectivity of the Internet of Things (IoT) and upcoming 5th generation (5G) wireless communication systems. As the characteristics of OWC and RF are complementary, a combined application is regarded as a promising approach to support 5G and beyond communication systems. Hybrid RF/optical and optical/optical wireless systems offer an excellent solution for recovering the limitations of individual systems as well as for providing positive features of each of the technologies. An RF/optical wireless hybrid system consists both RF and optical-based wireless technologies, whereas an optical/optical wireless hybrid system consists two or more types of OWC technologies. The co-deployment of wireless systems can improve system performance in terms of throughput, reliability, and energy efficiency of individual networks. This study surveys the state of the art and key research directions regarding optical wireless hybrid networks, being the first extensive survey dedicated to this topic. We provide a technology overview of existing literature on optical wireless hybrid networks, such as RF/optical and optical/optical systems. We consider the RF-based macrocell, small cell, wireless fidelity, and Bluetooth, as well as optical-based visible light communication, light fidelity, optical camera communication, and free-space optical communication technologies for different combinations of hybrid systems. Moreover, we consider underwater acoustic communication for hybrid acoustic/optical systems. The opportunities brought by hybrid systems are presented in detail. We outline important challenges that need to be addressed for successful deployment of optical wireless hybrid network systems for 5G and IoT paradigms.

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Optical Wireless Hybrid Networks: Trends, Opportunities, Challenges, and Research Directions

A novel coplanar waveguide-fed rectenna with high efficiency is proposed and implemented in this paper for 2.45-GHz Bluetooth/ wireless local area network applications. The antenna has compact dimensions of 18 mm $\times \,\, 30$ mm, which is simulated and manufactured using a low-cost FR4 substrate with a thickness of 1.6 mm. A tuning stub technique with rectangular slots is used for better impedance matching and enhancing the impedance bandwidth of the antenna with a peak gain of 5.6 dB. The proposed novel antenna for RF energy harvesting applications exhibits dipolelike radiation pattern in $H$ -plane and omnidirectional pattern in $E$ -plane with improved radiation efficiency. Single-stage Cockcroft–Walton rectifier with L-shaped impedance-matching network is designed in advance design system and fabricated on FR4 substrate. The dc output of the rectenna is measured as 3.24 V with a load resistance of 5 $\text{k}\Omega $ . A simulated peak conversion efficiency of 75.5% is attained, whereas the measured one is observed to be 68% with an input signal power of 5 dBm at 2.45 GHz.

A Compact Rectenna System With High Conversion Efficiency for Wireless Energy Harvesting

Vibration, widely existing in an ambient environment with a variety of forms and wide-range of scales, recently becomes an attractive target for energy harvesting. However, its time-varying directions and frequencies render a lack of effective energy technology to scavenge it. Here, we report a rationally designed nonlinear magnetoelectric generator for broadband and multi-directional vibration energy harvesting. By using a stabilized three-dimensional (3D) magnetic interaction and spring force, the device working bandwidth was largely broadened, which was demonstrated both experimentally and theoretically. The multidirectional vibration energy harvesting was enabled by three identical suspended springs with equal intersection angles, which are all connected to a cylindrical magnet. Numerical simulations and experimental results show that the nonlinear harvester can sustain large-amplitude oscillations over a wide frequency range, and it can generate power efficiently in an arbitrary direction. Moreover, ...

Broadband and three-dimensional vibration energy harvesting by a non-linear magnetoelectric generator

The stand-alone solar photovoltaic (PV) systems are a convenient way to provide the electricity for people far from the electric grid or for people who want the electric power without any dependence on utility grid, to run their usual activities either at homes or at businesses. The size of these systems vary according to the available solar radiations and different load conditions. Therefore, this paper takes an organized approach regarding the designing of these systems. For this purpose, the detailed guidelines and technical considerations needed in the design process of a solar PV system is presented for stand-alone application. The guidelines for the selection of appropriate site/location along with the method for the assessment of solar energy resource at the chosen site is provided in this paper. The technical considerations for assessing the load energy demand on daily basis and sizing of the different components of solar system including PV panels, charge controller, storage batteries, inverter and other appurtenances such as cables etc. required for the design configuration and installation of a solar PV system are given in this work. So, this paper will be helpful for designing and installing a solar PV power system suitable for stand-alone operation in sustaining the small housing and business communities both in rural and urban areas.

Design Considerations of Stand-Alone Solar Photovoltaic Systems

Electromagnetic spectrum is too cluttered to add additional broadband channels of high data rate and bandwidth. Free space optical (FSO) communication is one of the most dominant optical wireless communication systems, which provides huge and licensed free spectrum, non-interfering link, and high data rate. Despite of having above-mentioned advantages, the FSO links are very sensitive to bad weather conditions (i.e., fog, snow, dust, and their combination). Therefore, there is a dire requirement to develop a system that can overcome issues of individual communication system and adjust the current demand of new broadband channels. Adaptive FSO-radio frequency (RF) communication system is proposed to tackle the individual channel issues. A novel throughput maximization algorithm (TMA) is developed for the adaptive hybrid FSO-RF channel. Performance of the proposed algorithm for adaptive hybrid communication system is analyzed considering the regular and right-regular low density parity check (LDPC) code under various weather conditions. Simulation results show that the TMA performs well under all weather conditions and gives a performance gain of up to 2.25 dB considering the right-regular LDPC code. From the presented results, it is also seen that the suggested communication system optimizes mapping schemes, bit proportions for each channel, and puncturing ratios adaptively for different degree variable nodes in worst weather conditions.

Maximizing Throughput of Hybrid FSO-RF Communication System: An Algorithm

With the rapid growth of user demands, and the limitations of third generation (3G) mobile communication systems, it is expected that fourth generation (4G) mobile systems are likely to reach the consumer market in another 4-5 years 4G systems are expected to become a platform capable of providing increased bandwidth, higher data rates, and greater interoperability across communication protocols, and user friendly, innovative, and secure applications This system will primarily focus on seamlessly integrating the existing systems like GSM, wireless LAN, and Bluetooth This paper describes modulation scheme, different technologies, and network architectures that support 4G mobile systems Challenges and some applications will also be presented At last recommendations will be followed by conclusion

Qasim Awais

Papers

A Compact Rectenna System With High Conversion Efficiency for Wireless Energy Harvesting

Broadband and three-dimensional vibration energy harvesting by a non-linear magnetoelectric generator

Design Considerations of Stand-Alone Solar Photovoltaic Systems

Maximizing Throughput of Hybrid FSO-RF Communication System: An Algorithm

4G: The future mobile technology