Single-step method of RNA isolation by acid guanidinium thiocyanate-phenol-chloroform extraction

Intact ribonucleic acid (RNA) has been prepared from tissues rich in ribonuclease such as the rat pancreas by efficient homogenization in a 4 M solution of the potent protein denaturant guanidinium thiocyanate plus 0.1 M 2-mercaptoethanol to break protein disulfide bonds. The RNA was isolated free of protein by ethanol precipitation or by sedimentation through cesium chloride. Rat pancreas RNA obtained by these means has been used as a source for the purification of alpha-amylase messenger ribonucleic acid.

Isolation of biologically active ribonucleic acid from sources enriched in ribonuclease.

抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

The mechanisms that balance food intake and energy expenditure determine who will be obese and who will be lean. One of the molecules that regulates energy balance in the mouse is the obese (ob) gene. Mutation of ob results in profound obesity and type II diabetes as part of a syndrome that resembles morbid obesity in humans. The ob gene product may function as part of a signalling pathway from adipose tissue that acts to regulate the size of the body fat depot.

Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its human homologue

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) has been shown to have certain catabolic effects on fat cells and whole animals. An induction of TNF-alpha messenger RNA expression was observed in adipose tissue from four different rodent models of obesity and diabetes. TNF-alpha protein was also elevated locally and systemically. Neutralization of TNF-alpha in obese fa/fa rats caused a significant increase in the peripheral uptake of glucose in response to insulin. These results indicate a role for TNF-alpha in obesity and particularly in the insulin resistance and diabetes that often accompany obesity.

http://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/259/5091/87.full.pdf

Adipose expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha: direct role in obesity-linked insulin resistance

Publisher Summary This chapter describes tissue-specific control of genes through the reintroduction of cloned genes into animals. It focuses on the expression of a family of pancreas-specific genes, the pancreatic serine proteases, because of the advantages that accrue from the comparative analysis of similarly regulated genes. An understanding of transcriptional regulation includes an understanding of the nature of DNA control sequences associated with regulated genes, the number and nature of trans acting factors that interact with those sequences, the nature of that interaction, and the way that interaction then modulates gene transcription. cis Acting regulatory information sufficient for pancreas specific expression in animals is contained within the short elastase I gene sequence between –205 and +8. This gene region confers transcriptional specificity in transgenic mice bearing the elastase–human growth hormone (hGH) fusion gene because pancreatic nuclei, and not hepatic nuclei, synthesize hGH RNA. Moreover, the transcription of the elastase–hGH fusion gene correlates with a pancreas specific DNase I hypersensitive site within the elastase I regulatory region.

Targeted expression of cloned genes in transgenic mice

A DNA sequence expressing a hydrolytic enzyme, particularly a glycosidase, is prepared from sequences isolated by means of probes. After cloning the DNA sequence, the sequence is used for transforming a host, desirably where the host can further transform the hydrolysate product to commercially valuable products.

Amylase preparation by cloning

Author response: The acinar differentiation determinant PTF1A inhibits initiation of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma

This article provides a critical overview of musical identities as a research topic. A broad distinction between identities in music (IIM) and music in identities (MII) highlights how musical engagement is central to identity construction. These concepts are integrated with recent advances in psychological theory derived from enactive cognition (4E cognition) to propose a new framework for understanding musical identities, Musical Identities in Action (MIIA). This framework foregrounds musical identities as dynamic (constantly evolving, dialogical, and actively performed), embodied (shaped by how music is physically expressed and experienced), and situated (emergent from interaction with social contexts, technologies, and culture). Musical identities are presented as fluid and constructed through embodied and situated action. Interdisciplinary research on music and adolescence is utilized to show how the MIIA framework can be applied to specific contexts and how musical identities interact with other aspects of life. Examples of the embodied nature of musical identities are provided from early interactions to professional performance and everyday informal engagement. Technology is highlighted as one topical and situated context, using digital playlists and a recent online improvisation project as examples. Implications of the MIIA framework for education and health are also presented, proposing that a key goal of music education is the development of positive musical identities. Recent advances in humanities research such as post-qualitative inquiry (PQI) and metamodern philosophical theory are proposed as useful multidisciplinary approaches for developing new knowledge related to musical identities.

/pdf/musical-identities-in-action-embodied-situated-and-dynamic-1w1k6q9s.pdf

Musical identities in action: Embodied, situated, and dynamic

The mouse pancreas adopts a pre-inflammatory state in response to a chemical injury or the loss of one copy of the gene Nr5a2. This state might predispose mice, and possibly humans, to pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer. The mouse pancreas adopts a pre-inflammatory state in response to a chemical injury or the loss of one copy of the gene Nr5a2. This state might predispose mice, and possibly humans, to pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer.

/pdf/an-inflammatory-transcriptional-switch-5djz09jw5i.pdf

Raymond J. MacDonald

Papers

Targeted expression of cloned genes in transgenic mice

Amylase preparation by cloning

Author response: The acinar differentiation determinant PTF1A inhibits initiation of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma

Musical identities in action: Embodied, situated, and dynamic

An inflammatory transcriptional switch