There is a special reason for reviewing this book at this time: it is the 50th edition of a compendium that is known and used frequently in most chemical and physical laboratories in many parts of the world. Surely, a publication that has been published for 56 years, withstanding the vagaries of science in this century, must have had something to offer. There is another reason: while the book is a standard fixture in most chemical and physical laboratories, including those in medical centers, it is not as frequently seen in the laboratories of physician's offices (those either in solo or group practice). I believe that the Handbook can be useful in those laboratories. One of the reasons, among others, is that the various basic items of information it offers may be helpful in new tests, either physical or chemical, which are continuously being published. The basic information may relate

Handbook of Chemistry and Physics

The Visual Display of Quantitative Information

This paper describes the physics case for a new fixed target facility at CERN SPS. The SHiP (search for hidden particles) experiment is intended to hunt for new physics in the largely unexplored domain of very weakly interacting particles with masses below the Fermi scale, inaccessible to the LHC experiments, and to study tau neutrino physics. The same proton beam setup can be used later to look for decays of tau-leptons with lepton flavour number non-conservation, $\tau \to 3\mu $ and to search for weakly-interacting sub-GeV dark matter candidates. We discuss the evidence for physics beyond the standard model and describe interactions between new particles and four different portals—scalars, vectors, fermions or axion-like particles. We discuss motivations for different models, manifesting themselves via these interactions, and how they can be probed with the SHiP experiment and present several case studies. The prospects to search for relatively light SUSY and composite particles at SHiP are also discussed. We demonstrate that the SHiP experiment has a unique potential to discover new physics and can directly probe a number of solutions of beyond the standard model puzzles, such as neutrino masses, baryon asymmetry of the Universe, dark matter, and inflation.

/pdf/a-facility-to-search-for-hidden-particles-at-the-cern-sps-3pxaggnjt6.pdf

A facility to search for hidden particles at the CERN SPS: the SHiP physics case.

The main objectives of the KM3NeT Collaboration are (i) the discovery and subsequent observation of high-energy neutrino sources in the Universe and (ii) the determination of the mass hierarchy of neutrinos. These objectives are strongly motivated by two recent important discoveries, namely: (1) the high-energy astrophysical neutrino signal reported by IceCube and (2) the sizable contribution of electron neutrinos to the third neutrino mass eigenstate as reported by Daya Bay, Reno and others. To meet these objectives, the KM3NeT Collaboration plans to build a new Research Infrastructure consisting of a network of deep-sea neutrino telescopes in the Mediterranean Sea. A phased and distributed implementation is pursued which maximises the access to regional funds, the availability of human resources and the synergistic opportunities for the Earth and sea sciences community. Three suitable deep-sea sites are selected, namely off-shore Toulon (France), Capo Passero (Sicily, Italy) and Pylos (Peloponnese, Greece). The infrastructure will consist of three so-called building blocks. A building block comprises 115 strings, each string comprises 18 optical modules and each optical module comprises 31 photo-multiplier tubes. Each building block thus constitutes a three-dimensional array of photo sensors that can be used to detect the Cherenkov light produced by relativistic particles emerging from neutrino interactions. Two building blocks will be sparsely configured to fully explore the IceCube signal with similar instrumented volume, different methodology, improved resolution and complementary field of view, including the galactic plane. One building block will be densely configured to precisely measure atmospheric neutrino oscillations.

Letter of intent for KM3NeT 2.0

We describe a theoretical framework for reversibly modulating 4D light fields using an attenuating mask in the optical path of a lens based camera. Based on this framework, we present a novel design to reconstruct the 4D light field from a 2D camera image without any additional refractive elements as required by previous light field cameras. The patterned mask attenuates light rays inside the camera instead of bending them, and the attenuation recoverably encodes the rays on the 2D sensor. Our mask-equipped camera focuses just as a traditional camera to capture conventional 2D photos at full sensor resolution, but the raw pixel values also hold a modulated 4D light field. The light field can be recovered by rearranging the tiles of the 2D Fourier transform of sensor values into 4D planes, and computing the inverse Fourier transform. In addition, one can also recover the full resolution image information for the in-focus parts of the scene. We also show how a broadband mask placed at the lens enables us to compute refocused images at full sensor resolution for layered Lambertian scenes. This partial encoding of 4D ray-space data enables editing of image contents by depth, yet does not require computational recovery of the complete 4D light field.

/pdf/dappled-photography-mask-enhanced-cameras-for-heterodyned-1i97zhw7x7.pdf

Dappled photography: mask enhanced cameras for heterodyned light fields and coded aperture refocusing

The DMTPC detector is a low-pressure CF4 TPC with optical readout for directional detection of Dark Matter. The combination of the energy and directional tracking information allows for an efficient suppression of all backgrounds. The choice of gas (CF4) makes this detector particularly sensitive to spin-dependent interactions.

The DMTPC project

According to one aspect, the present invention is directed to reducing and/or eliminating the artifacts that are inherent in previous near field coded aperture imaging systems such that the improved sensibility and resolution of these systems can be practically utilized. A system and method of the present invention utilizes two projections of radiation from an object, the first through a first coded aperture mask pattern, and the second through a second coded aperture mask pattern, where a decoding array associated with the second mask pattern is the negative of a decoding array associated with the first mask pattern. Data from both projections is combined to produce a reconstructed object image that is substantially free of near-field artifacts. The present invention relates to improvements in the design and fabrication of coded aperture masks for use in coded aperture imaging devices.

Systems and methods for coded aperture imaging of radiation- emitting sources

X-ray and neutron imaging techniques are powerful tools applied to a wide array of problems, like fuel cells imaging, residual stress analysis and detection of flaws in materials. These modern applications are increasingly demanding of high performing imaging devices. Coded source imaging (CSI) is a method applied both to X-ray and neutron imaging. It consists of a source composed of a pattern of many point-like sources. We present a description of the image formation process with coded sources, via encoding and decoding of data. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the CSI imager system is discussed, as well as its resolution and field-of-view. CSI is here presented in a formalism that allows a transposition to coded aperture imaging (CAI). The implications of the relationship of the two techniques in the design of a CSI system are addressed.

http://people.csail.mit.edu/bkph/papers/Coded_Source_Imaging.pdf

Coded Source Imaging for Neutrons and X-Rays

Linear accelerator for security, industrial and medical applications with rapid beam parameter variation

Coded aperture imaging aims at improving the sensitivity of standard imaging optics (pinholes and parallel-hole collimators) by using hundreds of pinholes. Since each pinhole projects a copy of the object onto the detector, copies overlap. The overlap can be undone by computer post-processing with a simple correlation if pinholes are arranged in particular patterns. These are designed so that, when the object is infinitely far from the detector, a perfect image is obtained. In applications such as nuclear medicine and small-animal imaging the object is kept close to the detector to maximize sensitivity and use of the same patterns was shown to result in noticeable artifacts. The existing technique to mitigate near-field artifacts requires taking two images of the object sequentially with two similar masks, but this makes the implicit assumption of a static object. In near-field imaging, however, it is possible to place two detectors on opposite sides of the object and acquire the two images simultaneously. This approach extends the technique to dynamic studies. It also has the benefit of doubling the overall count rate by better utilization of the heads of a clinical gamma camera. Experimental results show that coded aperture optics can follow the movement of a 370-kBq point source at 0.05 s per frame with 3.5-mm resolution over a 12/spl times/12 cm/sup 2/ field of view. Images of a disk source demonstrate that, as in static studies, near-field artifacts can be almost eliminated.

Richard C. Lanza

Papers

The DMTPC project

Systems and methods for coded aperture imaging of radiation- emitting sources

Coded Source Imaging for Neutrons and X-Rays

Linear accelerator for security, industrial and medical applications with rapid beam parameter variation

High-sensitivity dynamic coded aperture imaging