Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from aqueous extract of Ctenolepis garcini L. and assess their possible biological applications

Abstract Australia is home to over 800 different species of Eucalyptus and traditionally, many Eucalyptus species have been utilised to heal wounds and treat fungal infections by the Indigenous people of Australia. In view of this, our study was designed to investigate the phytochemical, antibacterial and antifungal properties of crude aqueous extract of E . microcorys leaves. The freeze-dried powdered extract was prepared and the phytochemical profile was studied by analysing the total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), proanthocyanidins, antioxidants and saponins. The TPC, TFC and proanthocyanidin values found were: 501.76 ± 14.47 mg of gallic acid equivalents per g, 61.53 ± 0.83 mg of rutin equivalents per g and 10.76 ± 0.89 mg of catechin equivalents per g, respectively. The antioxidant values expressed in mg trolox equivalents per g of extract (mg TE/g) were: ABTS = 1073.13 ± 10.73 mg TE/g, DPPH = 1035.44 ± 65.54 mg TE/g and CUPRAC = 1524.30 ± 66.43 mg TE/g. The powdered extract was also evaluated for activity against three pathogenic bacterial strains ( Escherichia coli , Enterobacter aerogenes , Staphylococcus lugdunensis ); and three fungal strains ( Geotrichum candidum , Aspergillus brasiliensis and Candida albicans ) using the disc diffusion method and 96 well plate-based method with resazurin dye. The extract exhibited clear zones of inhibition against the tested bacteria and fungi. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were demonstrated to be: A . brasiliensis  = 2.44 μg/mL, G . candidum  = 4.88 μg/mL, S . lugdunensis  = 78 μg/mL, E . coli  = 156.25 μg/mL, E . aerogenes  = 312.5 μg/mL and C . albicans  = 1250 μg/mL. These results reveal the significant potential of E . microcorys as a source of phenolics, antioxidants and antimicrobial agents and also highlight the necessity of further purification and characterisation of solitary bioactive compounds for their prospective applications in food, nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industries.

Phytochemical, antibacterial and antifungal properties of an aqueous extract of Eucalyptus microcorys leaves

スギ(Cryptomeria japonica)黒心材の殺蟻成分

北京山区的侧柏林（Platycladus orientalis）及其生物量研究

Liver cancer is one among cancers with increasing incidence in the world. Cola fruit (Cola nitida) is a fruit that is rich in properties and has been known since the Dutch colonial era. This fruit contains ingredients such as those contained in tea and chocolate such as methylxanthine and its derivatives. This study aims to determine the content of antioxidants and cytotoxic effects of cola fruit extracts obtained from Indonesia and Malaysia on liver cancer cell lines. Antioxidant content of fruit extracts of cola was assessed using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl hydrate) and cytotoxic effects were studied using MTT (3 - (4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-Yl)diphenyltetrazolium bromide -2.5) on human liver cancer cell lines (HepG2). The results showed that cola fruit from Malaysia contained high antioxidant with the IC50 value of 37.2 ?g/mL whereas IC50 of value of its Indonesia’s cola fruit was 66.0 ug / mL. The similar results have been shown in the cytotoxic test using HepG-2 liver cancer cell lines. Malaysia’s cola fruit extract has a smaller IC50 value of 6.5 ?g / mL while the fruit extract of Indonesia’s cola showed IC50 value of 39.5 ?g / mL. These values indicates that the fruit extract of cola is a potential anticancer activities especially on liver cancer. Further studies are required to clarify this hypothesis.

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Aktivitas antioksidan dan efek sitotoksik ekstrak Kola (Cola nitida) pada kulter sel kanker hati (HepG-2)

. Pratiwi RA, Nurlaeni Y. 2020. Screening of plant collection of Cibodas Botanic Gardens, Indonesia with anticancer properties. Biodiversitas 21: 5186-5229. Cancer is a life-threatening disease worldwide. One approach to developing effective treatment in fighting cancerous cells is to obtain anticancer drug candidates from natural resources, such as plants. This study aimed to inventory and categorize plant collections in Cibodas Botanic Gardens (CBG), West Java, Indonesia that has anticancer properties in a detailed and comprehensive manner. Literature research was conducted in international scientific databases using several keywords expressing anticancer properties to produce list of plant species potential for anticancer. The results of this research were then cross-checked with the plant collection database of CBG. List of plants exhibits anticancer activities were then categorized based on the IC50 values (an indicator of cytotoxicity). Our result showed 291 species from 90 families of CBG plant collection harbor anticancer properties. Among them, 93, 100, 36, and 62 species have IC50 values under Class I (strong), Class II (moderate), Class III (inactive), and Class IV (insufficient IC50 data), respectively. The families with the highest number of potential anticancer plants are Lauraceae, Leguminosae, Meliaceae, Myrtaceae, Moraceae, Cupressaceae, Asparagaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Compositae, Clusiaceae, Lamiaceae, Apocynaceae, Adoxaceae, Amaryllidaceae, and Elaeocarpaceae. Species that have strong anticancer activities include Acacia farnesiana, Aglaia edulis, A. elliptica, A. silvestris, Artocarpus elasticus, Bauhinia strychnifolia, Buxus microphylla, Calophyllum soulattri, Cerbera manghas, Cocculus orbiculatus, Cryptocarya chinensis, C. konishii, C. laevigata, Dalbergia parviflora, Diospyros discolor, Erythrina abyssinica, Etlingera elatior, Ficus fistulosa, Garcinia x mangostana, Hemerocallis fulva, Jatropha gossypiifolia, Panax ginseng, Podocarpus macrophyllus, Psidium cattleianum, Sansevieria ehrenbergii, Tacca chantrieri, Toona sinensis, Viburnum odoratissimum, and V. Sambucinum. Even Serenoa repens and Taxus sumatrana contain active compounds that have been commercialized as anticancer drugs. The data resulted from this study can serve as baseline information for further research in drug discovery and development for anticancer treatments using living plant specimens collected in CBG. CBG has a great prospect of medicinal plants that require further studies for formulating anticancer drug as an alternative natural resource.

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Screening of plant collection of Cibodas Botanic Gardens, Indonesia with anticancer properties

. Pratiwi RA, Nurlaeni Y. 2021. The potency of Myrtaceae Family from Cibodas Botanic Gardens (Cianjur, Indonesia) as botanical pesticide. Biodiversitas 22: 4648-4664. Cibodas Botanic Gardens (CBG) is a biodiversity reservoir that can be explored for the discovery of new candidates for botanical pesticides. Myrtaceae has been reported to provide biological activity against pests or pathogens due to their essential oil contents. This research was conducted to inventory and categorize Myrtaceae collection in CBG that had the potency to be botanical pesticide. The list of Myrtaceae collection of CBG obtained from Unit Registration and Collection CBG per 2021. Database fulfilling regarding the bactericide/fungicide/herbicide/insecticide potency of the Myrtaceae of CBG’s collection was carried out through digital references search. Our result showed that there were 73 species of Myrtaceae (from 18 genera) that are potential to be botanical pesticide sources. There were 17 species that are considerably had a high potency. Most of them belong to the Eucalyptus and Melaleuca, followed by Backhousia, Leptospermum, Psidium, and Syzygium. The data resulted from this study is expected to serve as baseline information for further research about the formulation, efficacy, and conservation management of botanical pesticides from Myrtaceae for sustainable use. Furthermore, the development of biological pesticides is a step to improve the quality of Indonesian export products so as to increase national competitiveness in the globalization era nowadays.

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Risha Amilia Pratiwi

Papers

Screening of plant collection of Cibodas Botanic Gardens, Indonesia with anticancer properties

The potency of Myrtaceae Family from Cibodas Botanic Gardens (Cianjur, Indonesia) as botanical pesticide

Threatened exotic species of botanical gardens: Application of trait-based naturalized species risk scoring assessment