Rolf G. Beutel

TL;DR: The length of the male and female reproductive ducts, which are in physical contact during copulation, showed a tight positive correlation even after removing phylogenetic effects, which strongly suggests coevolution between themale and female genital length.

TL;DR: The head morphology of larvae of two undescribed species of the corylophid genus Holopsis were examined, and one of the disc-shaped larvae is characterized by an elongate weevil-like snout, which is a unique feature in larval beetles.

TL;DR: Larval characters alone are insufficient for a reliable phylogenetic reconstruction, though they vary greatly and apparently contain phylogenetic information, and the evaluation of these features in the context of robust molecular phylogenies will be a sound basis for the reconstruction of complex evolutionary scenarios for the megadiverse Diptera.

TL;DR: The distal parts of the legs of Sceliphron caementarium and Formica rufa are documented and discussed with respect to phylogenetic and functional aspects, mainly linked with two functional syndromes, walking efficiently on different substrates and cleaning the body surface.

TL;DR: Homology issues, character evolution and phylogenetic implications related to the female postabdomen of the holometabolan insects are discussed, based on an earlier analysis of a comprehensive morphological data set.