抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Tree boosting is a highly effective and widely used machine learning method. In this paper, we describe a scalable end-to-end tree boosting system called XGBoost, which is used widely by data scientists to achieve state-of-the-art results on many machine learning challenges. We propose a novel sparsity-aware algorithm for sparse data and weighted quantile sketch for approximate tree learning. More importantly, we provide insights on cache access patterns, data compression and sharding to build a scalable tree boosting system. By combining these insights, XGBoost scales beyond billions of examples using far fewer resources than existing systems.

/pdf/xgboost-a-scalable-tree-boosting-system-48ocu6x4c7.pdf

XGBoost: A Scalable Tree Boosting System

In this paper, we present Google, a prototype of a large-scale search engine which makes heavy use of the structure present in hypertext. Google is designed to crawl and index the Web efficiently and produce much more satisfying search results than existing systems. The prototype with a full text and hyperlink database of at least 24 million pages is available at http://google.stanford.edu/. To engineer a search engine is a challenging task. Search engines index tens to hundreds of millions of web pages involving a comparable number of distinct terms. They answer tens of millions of queries every day. Despite the importance of large-scale search engines on the web, very little academic research has been done on them. Furthermore, due to rapid advance in technology and web proliferation, creating a web search engine today is very different from three years ago. This paper provides an in-depth description of our large-scale web search engine -- the first such detailed public description we know of to date. Apart from the problems of scaling traditional search techniques to data of this magnitude, there are new technical challenges involved with using the additional information present in hypertext to produce better search results. This paper addresses this question of how to build a practical large-scale system which can exploit the additional information present in hypertext. Also we look at the problem of how to effectively deal with uncontrolled hypertext collections where anyone can publish anything they want.

/pdf/the-anatomy-of-a-large-scale-hypertextual-web-search-engine-496poj789d.pdf

The anatomy of a large-scale hypertextual Web search engine

The importance of a Web page is an inherently subjective matter, which depends on the readers interests, knowledge and attitudes. But there is still much that can be said objectively about the relative importance of Web pages. This paper describes PageRank, a mathod for rating Web pages objectively and mechanically, effectively measuring the human interest and attention devoted to them. We compare PageRank to an idealized random Web surfer. We show how to efficiently compute PageRank for large numbers of pages. And, we show how to apply PageRank to search and to user navigation.

The PageRank Citation Ranking : Bringing Order to the Web

Described herein are methods of evaluating the expression levels of DNA parts encoding proteins in test circuits. In particular, the methods disclosed herein are useful to evaluate the expression of an output protein regulated by a regulatory protein-genetic element pair.

Methods of evaluating gene expression levels produced by a regulatory molecule -genetic element pair

: The overall aim of the project is to develop a robust platform for an array based detector that could sense, distinguish and quantify diverse collections of environmental analytes. We have previously developed cell based reporters that afford the ability to recognize a large number of chemicals, built around G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), which provide high diversity and broad specificity. To render this detector system able to function in real time, we are applying synthetic biology approaches to engineer cells with a fast, phosphorylation based memory circuit. This solves two problems: the readout is based on protein phosphorylation and thus occurs within seconds. Second, the response, once established, remains fixed, so that the readout can be analyzed without a transient loss of signal. In order to interpret the results we obtain from the proposed array detector, we have developed a Bayesian-based computational method for extracting the identities and amounts of compounds in a mixture. Applying our computation approach to results obtained with a prototype GPCR-based array, we were able to extract the identity and amounts of compounds in complex mixtures. This provides validation of the method, which could be of broad use for any array based detector system.

http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA559064&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf

Highly Extensible Programmed Biosensing Circuits with Fast Memory

Efficient assembly of genetic circuits is a critical element in synthetic biology for implementing complex gene expression systems. Here we present an assembly framework that integrates recent developments in DNA recombination technologies and unique nucleotide sequences for modular and reliable construction of complex genetic circuits. All relevant protocols are described in detail. Implementing these protocols relies on readily available reagents and basic molecular biology techniques without the need for specialized equipment.

A Modular Approach to Building Complex Synthetic Circuits.

A method (300) includes receiving an input text sequence (114) to be synthesized into speech (150) in a first language and obtaining a speaker embedding (116a), the speaker embedding specifying specific voice characteristics of a target speaker (10) for synthesizing the input text sequence into speech that clones a voice of the target speaker. The target speaker includes a native speaker of a second language different than the first language. The method also includes generating, using a text-to-speech (TTS) model (100), an output audio feature representation (119) of the input text sequence by processing the input text sequence and the speaker embedding. The output audio feature representation includes the voice characteristics of the target speaker specified by the speaker embedding.

Multilingual speech synthesis and cross-language voice cloning

다중채널 음성 인식을 위한 뉴럴 네트워크 적응성 빔포밍을 위한 방법들, 시스템들, 장치들이 개시되며, 여기에는 컴퓨터 저장 매체 상에 인코딩되는 컴퓨터 프로그램들이 포함된다. 일 실시형태에서, 방법이 제공되고, 이러한 방법은 발성에 대응하는 오디오 데이터의 제 1 채널 및 발성에 대응하는 오디오 데이터의 제 2 채널을 수신하는 액션들을 포함한다. 액션들은 또한 오디오 데이터의 제 1 채널 및 오디오 데이터의 제 2 채널에 근거하여 제 1 필터에 대한 필터 파라미터들의 제 1 세트를 발생시키는 것, 그리고 오디오 데이터의 제 1 채널 및 오디오 데이터의 제 2 채널에 근거하여 제 2 필터에 대한 필터 파라미터들의 제 2 세트를 발생시키는 것을 포함한다. 액션들은 또한 오디오 데이터의 단일 결합 채널을 발생시키는 것을 포함한다. 액션들은 또한 오디오 데이터를 뉴럴 네트워크에 입력하는 것을 포함한다. 액션들은 또한 발성에 대한 표기를 제공하는 것을 포함한다.

Ron Weiss

Papers

Methods of evaluating gene expression levels produced by a regulatory molecule -genetic element pair

Highly Extensible Programmed Biosensing Circuits with Fast Memory

A Modular Approach to Building Complex Synthetic Circuits.

Multilingual speech synthesis and cross-language voice cloning

다중채널 음성 인식을 위한 적응성 오디오 강화