抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Examination of nature's favorite molecules reveals a striking preference for making carbon-heteroatom bonds over carbon-carbon bonds-surely no surprise given that carbon dioxide is nature's starting material and that most reactions are performed in water. Nucleic acids, proteins, and polysaccharides are condensation polymers of small subunits stitched together by carbon-heteroatom bonds. Even the 35 or so building blocks from which these crucial molecules are made each contain, at most, six contiguous C-C bonds, except for the three aromatic amino acids. Taking our cue from nature's approach, we address here the development of a set of powerful, highly reliable, and selective reactions for the rapid synthesis of useful new compounds and combinatorial libraries through heteroatom links (C-X-C), an approach we call "click chemistry". Click chemistry is at once defined, enabled, and constrained by a handful of nearly perfect "spring-loaded" reactions. The stringent criteria for a process to earn click chemistry status are described along with examples of the molecular frameworks that are easily made using this spartan, but powerful, synthetic strategy.

https://www.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/1521-3773%2820010601%2940%3A11%3C2004%3A%3AAID-ANIE2004%3E3.0.CO%3B2-5

Click Chemistry: Diverse Chemical Function from a Few Good Reactions.

The epigenomics of cancer.

1. Advantages of Chemical Redox Agents 878 2. Disadvantages of Chemical Redox Agents 879 C. Potentials in Nonaqueous Solvents 879 D. Reversible vs Irreversible ET Reagents 879 E. Categorization of Reagent Strength 881 II. Oxidants 881 A. Inorganic 881 1. Metal and Metal Complex Oxidants 881 2. Main Group Oxidants 887 B. Organic 891 1. Radical Cations 891 2. Carbocations 893 3. Cyanocarbons and Related Electron-Rich Compounds 894

/pdf/chemical-redox-agents-for-organometallic-chemistry-4fs84ntwp8.pdf

Chemical Redox Agents for Organometallic Chemistry

N-Heterocyclic carbenes have become universal ligands in organometallic and inorganic coordination chemistry. They not only bind to any transition metal, be it in low or high oxidation states, but also to main group elements such as beryllium, sulfur, and iodine. Because of their specific coordination chemistry, N-heterocyclic carbenes both stabilize and activate metal centers in quite different key catalytic steps of organic syntheses, for example, C-H activation, C-C, C-H, C-O, and C-N bond formation. There is now ample evidence that in the new generation of organometallic catalysts the established ligand class of organophosphanes will be supplemented and, in part, replaced by N-heterocyclic carbenes. Over the past few years, this chemistry has been the field of vivid scientific competition, and yielded previously unexpected successes in key areas of homogeneous catalysis. From the work in numerous academic laboratories and in industry, a revolutionary turning point in oraganometallic catalysis is emerging.

http://aether.cmi.ua.ac.be/artikels/Artikels%20Gitte/Artikels/Reviews/NHC-%20liganden%20Herrmann.pdf

N-heterocyclic carbenes: a new concept in organometallic catalysis.

Cyclodextrin-based class I aldolase enzyme mimics to catalyze crossed aldol condensations

Preparation of 2'-O-(.beta.-Cyanoethyl phosphoramidites) of 3'-Deoxycytidine and 3'-Deoxyguanosine and Their Use for Solid-Phase Synthesis of Oligodeoxynucleotides Containing 2',5'-Phosphodiester Linkages

Single molecule conductance of aromatic, nonaromatic, and partially antiaromatic systems

Iron tricarbonyl cyclooctatetraene complexes

Four polyimidazoles were used in the binding and cleavage studies with poly(U). The two polydisperse polyvinylimidazoles were previously described by others, while the other two new polymers of polyethyleneimines were prepared by cationic polymerization of oxazolines. The latter had imidazole units attached to each nitrogen of the polymers. They were characterized by gel permeation chromatography and had very low polydispersities. When they were partially protonated they bound to the poly(U) and catalyzed its cleavage by a process analogous to that used by the enzyme ribonuclease A. The kinetics of the cleavage were followed by an assay we had previously described using phosphodiesterase I from Crotalus venom after the cleavage processes. Cleavage of poly(U) with Zn2+ was also examined, with and without the polymers. A scheme is described in which these cleavages could be made sequence selective with various RNAs, particularly with important targets, such as viral RNAs.

https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/109/32/12884.full.pdf

Ronald Breslow

Papers

Cyclodextrin-based class I aldolase enzyme mimics to catalyze crossed aldol condensations

Preparation of 2'-O-(.beta.-Cyanoethyl phosphoramidites) of 3'-Deoxycytidine and 3'-Deoxyguanosine and Their Use for Solid-Phase Synthesis of Oligodeoxynucleotides Containing 2',5'-Phosphodiester Linkages

Single molecule conductance of aromatic, nonaromatic, and partially antiaromatic systems

Iron tricarbonyl cyclooctatetraene complexes

Binding and biomimetic cleavage of the RNA poly(U) by synthetic polyimidazoles