抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Examination of nature's favorite molecules reveals a striking preference for making carbon-heteroatom bonds over carbon-carbon bonds-surely no surprise given that carbon dioxide is nature's starting material and that most reactions are performed in water. Nucleic acids, proteins, and polysaccharides are condensation polymers of small subunits stitched together by carbon-heteroatom bonds. Even the 35 or so building blocks from which these crucial molecules are made each contain, at most, six contiguous C-C bonds, except for the three aromatic amino acids. Taking our cue from nature's approach, we address here the development of a set of powerful, highly reliable, and selective reactions for the rapid synthesis of useful new compounds and combinatorial libraries through heteroatom links (C-X-C), an approach we call "click chemistry". Click chemistry is at once defined, enabled, and constrained by a handful of nearly perfect "spring-loaded" reactions. The stringent criteria for a process to earn click chemistry status are described along with examples of the molecular frameworks that are easily made using this spartan, but powerful, synthetic strategy.

https://www.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/1521-3773%2820010601%2940%3A11%3C2004%3A%3AAID-ANIE2004%3E3.0.CO%3B2-5

Click Chemistry: Diverse Chemical Function from a Few Good Reactions.

The epigenomics of cancer.

1. Advantages of Chemical Redox Agents 878 2. Disadvantages of Chemical Redox Agents 879 C. Potentials in Nonaqueous Solvents 879 D. Reversible vs Irreversible ET Reagents 879 E. Categorization of Reagent Strength 881 II. Oxidants 881 A. Inorganic 881 1. Metal and Metal Complex Oxidants 881 2. Main Group Oxidants 887 B. Organic 891 1. Radical Cations 891 2. Carbocations 893 3. Cyanocarbons and Related Electron-Rich Compounds 894

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Chemical Redox Agents for Organometallic Chemistry

N-Heterocyclic carbenes have become universal ligands in organometallic and inorganic coordination chemistry. They not only bind to any transition metal, be it in low or high oxidation states, but also to main group elements such as beryllium, sulfur, and iodine. Because of their specific coordination chemistry, N-heterocyclic carbenes both stabilize and activate metal centers in quite different key catalytic steps of organic syntheses, for example, C-H activation, C-C, C-H, C-O, and C-N bond formation. There is now ample evidence that in the new generation of organometallic catalysts the established ligand class of organophosphanes will be supplemented and, in part, replaced by N-heterocyclic carbenes. Over the past few years, this chemistry has been the field of vivid scientific competition, and yielded previously unexpected successes in key areas of homogeneous catalysis. From the work in numerous academic laboratories and in industry, a revolutionary turning point in oraganometallic catalysis is emerging.

http://aether.cmi.ua.ac.be/artikels/Artikels%20Gitte/Artikels/Reviews/NHC-%20liganden%20Herrmann.pdf

N-heterocyclic carbenes: a new concept in organometallic catalysis.

In some senses physical organic chemistry is the broadest subdiscipline of chemistry. It uses all the methods of physical chemistry and a few of its own. It uses all the methods of synthetic organic chemistry to make the new molecules needed for studies. In some branches it addresses questions that were formerly the province of biochemists, while in other areas it considers the properties of solids that include the questions and methods used in material science and electronics. It is moving rapidly into the field of organometallic chemistry, with only a short leap needed into inorganic chemistry. It devises techniques for analytical chemistry, and heavily depends on analytical methods for its studies. It increasingly uses computer methods, based on quantum mechanics and on molecular mechanics, to predict and account for experimental findings. Thus some definition of the field is important, before we consider where it is headed. The central questions addressed are mainly related to the relationship between chemical structure and chemical properties. Also, there is great interest in understanding reaction mechanisms. The methodology heavily involves the idea of a controlled experiment. That is, no explanation is considered acceptable unless comparison experiments have been done in which the important factors are varied, and it is seen that the results support (but unfortunately usually do not prove) the explanation. The major output of physical organic chemistry is a theory, an idea, an explanation. This may be a guide to new methodology, or practical applications, but the idea is the centerpiece.

/pdf/what-will-physical-organic-chemistry-achieve-in-the-21st-2t23toz4vw.pdf

What will physical organic chemistry achieve in the 21st century

The hydrolysis of a Co(III) chelated amide catalyzed by an internal phosphonic acid group

A series of cyclodextrin trimers and dimers were prepared and examined as binders for appropriate trimeric and dimeric aminoacid amides. Tritopic binding was stronger than ditopic binding, although the free energies were not strictly additive. Such trimers are attractive prospects for the binding of polypeptides and proteins.

Ronald Breslow

Papers

What will physical organic chemistry achieve in the 21st century

The hydrolysis of a Co(III) chelated amide catalyzed by an internal phosphonic acid group

Synthesis and Binding Properties of Cyclodextrin Trimers.

Ester Hydrolysis by a Catalytic Cyclodextrin Dimer Enzyme Mimic with a Metallobipyridyl Linking Group J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 1676−1681

Physical Organic Chemistry, the Richest Chemical Science