Lincoln, Yvonna, and Egon Guba, "Postpositivism and the Naturalist Paradigm," pp. 14-46 in Yvonna Lincoln and Egon Guba, Naturalistic Inquiry . Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1985.*

Qualitative methods in psychology: A research guide

노인 통증사정을 위한 한국어 판 Short-form McGill Pain Questionnaire [SF-MPQ]의 신뢰도와 타당도

Orthopedic physical assessment

This paper reports the results of a "cost-of-illness" study of low back pain (LBP) in Australian adults. It estimates the direct cost of LBP in 2001 to be AU$1.02 billion. Approximately 71% of this amount is for treatment by chiropractors, general practitioners, massage therapists, physiotherapists and acupuncturists. However, the direct costs are minor compared to the indirect costs of AU$8.15 billion giving a total cost of AU$9.17 billion. LBP in Australian adults represents a massive health problem with a significant economic burden. This burden is so great that it has compelling and urgent ramifications for health policy, planning and research. This study identifies that research should concentrate on both direct but particularly the indirect costs including cost-effective management regimes that encourage an early return to duties.

Low back pain in Australian adults: The economic burden

Background In our digital society, the use of smartphones has increased rapidly. Parallel with the growing use of smartphones, musculoskeletal problems associated with intensive smartphone use have also increased. Neck flexion is the most commonly adopted posture by smartphone users while looking at the visual display terminals of smartphones for extended periods; this posture may lead to neck disorders. Objective The purpose of the current study was to investigate musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) in smartphone users in Thailand in order to confirm high prevalence of neck pain. The study also aimed to determine all possible factors associated with neck disorders among smartphone users. Methods A cross-sectional survey study was conducted with 779 undergraduate smartphone users. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect self-report measures of smartphone use and musculoskeletal disorders. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze participant characteristics and the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify associated factors. Results The most painful body region after the use of smartphones over a 12-month period was found to be the neck (32.50%). Factors associated with neck disorders were a flexed neck posture (Odds Ratio (OR): = 2.44, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) = 1.21-4.90) and smoking (OR 8.99, 95% CI 1.88-42.87). Conclusions The results suggest that to address neck disorders in smartphone users preventive initiatives should focus on reducing flexed neck postures and smoking.

Factors associated with neck disorders among university student smartphone users.

This study examined the differences in neck muscle activity at various neck flexion angles in smartphone users with and without neck pain. Forty-four participants performed texting tasks for 1 min and 30 s. Neck muscle activity and pain in the neck were measured at different neck flexion angles. There was a difference in neck muscle activity for each of the neck flexion angles; the Cervical Erector Spinae (CES) muscle activity increased while the Upper Trapezius (UT) muscle activity decreased when at increased neck flexion angles. At neck flexion angle of 0°-15°, the activity of both CES and UT muscles were acceptably low. Smartphone users with neck pain had slightly higher muscle activity levels than smartphone users without neck pain. In conclusion, smartphone users should consider adopting neck flexion angles between 0 and 15 degrees during smartphone use as there is an association between this neck flexion angle range and reduced CES muscle activity. Practitioner summary: This study demonstrated that both smartphone users with and without neck pain should try to keep their neck flexion angle between 0° and 15° when using their smartphone. This would reduce neck muscle activity and the risk of developing neck disorders associated with smartphone use.

Effect of neck flexion angles on neck muscle activity among smartphone users with and without neck pain.

[Purpose] To investigate effects of thoracic manipulation versus mobilization on chronic neck pain. [Methods] Thirty-nine chronic neck pain subjects were randomly assigned to single level thoracic manipulation, single level thoracic mobilization, or a control group. The cervical range of motion (CROM) and pain ratings (using a visual analog scale: VAS) were measured before, immediately after and at a 24-hour follow-up. [Results] Thoracic manipulation significantly decreased VAS pain ratings and increased CROM in all directions in immediate and 24-hour follow-ups. The thoracic mobilization group significantly increased in CROM in most directions at immediate follow-up and right and left rotational directions at the 24-hour follow-up. Comparisons between groups revealed the CROM for the manipulation group to increase significantly more than for control subjects in most directions at immediate follow-up and flexion, left lateral flexion and left rotation at the 24-hour follow-up. The CROM for the thoracic mobilization group significantly increased in comparison to the control group in flexion at immediate follow-up and in flexion and left rotation at the 24-hour follow-up. [Conclusion] The study demonstrated reductions in VAS pain ratings and increases in CROM at immediate and 24-hour follow-ups from both single level thoracic spine manipulation and thoracic mobilization in chronic neck pain.

https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jpts/25/7/25_jpts-2013-040/_pdf

The Effects of Thoracic Manipulation Versus Mobilization for Chronic Neck Pain: a Randomized Controlled Trial Pilot Study

The number of smartphone users globally is rapidly increasing This study aimed to assess the level of ergonomic risk to smartphone users, and to evaluate the correlation between any self-reported musculoskeletal disorders and the level of ergonomic risk Thirty participants completed a questionnaire, tailored specifically for smartphone users, to determine any musculoskeletal disorders Participants were given a seated smartphone texting task and their postures were video recorded during the task The video scenarios were evaluated by three independent researchers to determine the level of ergonomic risk using the Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA) tool RULA is an observation-based screening tool which has been widely used to assess the postural risk of IT device users However, it has not yet been specifically utilized with smartphone users The RULA tool scores identified ergonomics risks from using smartphones to text Most smartphone users had a total RULA Grand Score of 6 for both sides (left side: 8000%, right side: 9000%), indicating the need for further investigation and changes (Action Level 3) Notably, no participants had acceptable RULA Grand Scores of 1 or 2 The correlation between musculoskeletal disorders and the ergonomic risk among smartphone users was determined using the Chi-Square test and Fisher's exact test; p<005 was considered statistically significant There was a significant correlation between right RULA Grand Score and neck musculoskeletal disorder (χ2 = 9424 at p value = 0009) and right RULA Grand Score and upper back musculoskeletal disorder (χ2 = 31717 at p value <0001) RULA Score B (combination of neck, trunk and leg postures) and RULA Score D (combination of Score B, muscle use and force scores for group B) were also significantly correlated with neck musculoskeletal disorders (χ2 = 19286 at p value<0001 and χ2 = 9310 at p value = 0002 respectively) The RULA results identified the high ergonomics risk of smartphone users, this resulted from two key risk factors: posture and muscle use The neck, trunk and leg postures had a combined effect on neck musculoskeletal disorders Future investigations should consider these factors when designing ergonomic interventions for smartphone users

/pdf/ergonomic-risk-assessment-of-smartphone-users-using-the-mk2gy326pd.pdf

Ergonomic risk assessment of smartphone users using the Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA) tool.

[Purpose] The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of low back pain and associated factors in Thai rice farmers during the rice transplanting process. [Subjects and Methods] Three hundred and forty-four farmers, aged 20–59 years old, were asked to answer a questionnaire modified from the Standard Nordic Questionnaire (Thai version). The questionnaire sought demographic, back-related, and psychosocial data. [Results] The results showed that the prevalence of low back pain was 83.1%. Farmers younger than 45 years old who worked in the field fewer than six days were more likely to experience low back pain than those who worked for at least six days. Farmers with high stress levels were more likely to have low back pain. [Conclusion] In the rice transplanting process, the low back pain experienced by the farmers was associated with the weekly work duration and stress.

Rose Boucaut

Papers

Factors associated with neck disorders among university student smartphone users.

Effect of neck flexion angles on neck muscle activity among smartphone users with and without neck pain.

The Effects of Thoracic Manipulation Versus Mobilization for Chronic Neck Pain: a Randomized Controlled Trial Pilot Study

Ergonomic risk assessment of smartphone users using the Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA) tool.

Prevalence of low back pain and associated factors among farmers during the rice transplanting process