The nephrotic syndrome

Enzyme-based chemical biosensors are based on biological recognition. In order to operate, the enzymes must be available to catalyze a specific biochemical reaction and be stable under the normal operating conditions of the biosensor. Design of biosensors is based on knowledge about the target analyte, as well as the complexity of the matrix in which the analyte has to be quantified. This article reviews the problems resulting from the interaction of enzyme-based amperometric biosensors with complex biological matrices containing the target analyte(s). One of the most challenging disadvantages of amperometric enzyme-based biosensor detection is signal reduction from fouling agents and interference from chemicals present in the sample matrix. This article, therefore, investigates the principles of functioning of enzymatic biosensors, their analytical performance over time and the strategies used to optimize their performance. Moreover, the composition of biological fluids as a function of their interaction with biosensing will be presented.

Enzyme Biosensors for Biomedical Applications: Strategies for Safeguarding Analytical Performances in Biological Fluids

Increasing demand for timely and accurate environmental pollution monitoring and control requires new sensing techniques with outstanding performance, i.e., high sensitivity, high selectivity, and reliability. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), also known as porous coordination polymers, are a fascinating class of highly ordered crystalline coordination polymers formed by the coordination of metal ions/clusters and organic bridging linkers/ligands. Owing to their unique structures and properties, i.e., high surface area, tailorable pore size, high density of active sites, and high catalytic activity, various MOF-based sensing platforms have been reported for environmental contaminant detection including anions, heavy metal ions, organic compounds, and gases. In this review, recent progress in MOF-based environmental sensors is introduced with a focus on optical, electrochemical, and field-effect transistor sensors. The sensors have shown unique and promising performance in water and gas contaminant sensing. Moreover, by incorporation with other functional materials, MOF-based composites can greatly improve the sensor performance. The current limitations and future directions of MOF-based sensors are also discussed.

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Metal–Organic Framework-Based Sensors for Environmental Contaminant Sensing

The adverse health effects of bisphenol A and related toxicity mechanisms.

Functionalized nanocomposites based on various type of graphene nanomaterials including graphene, graphene oxides (GOs), and doped graphene (oxides) are widely used as materials for various sensors that can display high sensitivity, selectivity and stability. This review with 347 references summarizes advances in the preparation and functionalization of graphene nanocomposites for the application of electrochemical sensors and biosensors. Following a general introduction into the field, the article is divided into subsections on (a) the synthesis and functionalization of nanocomposites (made from graphene, various kinds of GOs, heteroatom-doped GOs), (b) on methods for functionalization of composites (with other carbon nanomaterials, metal nanoparticles, metal oxide and metal sulfide nanoparticles), (c) on functionalization with inorganic materials including polyoxometalates, hexacyanoferrates, minerals), (d) on functionalization with organic materials such as amino acids, surfactants, organic dyes, ionic liquids, macrocycles (including cyclodextrins, crown ethers and calixarenes), and (e) on functionalization with organometallics and with various other organic compounds, (f) on functionalizations with polymers such as conventional polymers, polyelectrolytes, conducting polymers, molecularly imprinted polymers, (g) on functionalization with biomolecules including proteins and nucleic acids. Other subsections cover flexible graphene and GO based nanocomposites and 3D composites. Application of graphene and GO nanocomposites are then covered in a in large section that comprises electrochemical sensors and biosensors (based on voltammetry, amperometry, potentiometry, impedimetry, electrochemiluminescence, photoelectrochemistry, field effect transistors, electrochemical immunosensors) with specific subsections on gas sensors, enzymatic biosensors and gene sensors. A concluding section covers current challenges and perspectives of graphene and GO based (bio)sensing.

Nanocomposites of graphene and graphene oxides: Synthesis, molecular functionalization and application in electrochemical sensors and biosensors. A review

Rufei Gao

Papers

Target triggered cleavage effect of DNAzyme: Relying on Pd-Pt alloys functionalized Fe-MOFs for amplified detection of Pb 2

Effects of DEHP on endometrial receptivity and embryo implantation in pregnant mice.

A novel sandwich aptasensor for detecting T-2 toxin based on rGO-TEPA-Au@Pt nanorods with a dual signal amplification strategy

Exposure of mice to benzo(a)pyrene impairs endometrial receptivity and reduces the number of implantation sites during early pregnancy.

Foetal-neonatal exposure of Di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate disrupts ovarian development in mice by inducing autophagy.