Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction

Silymarin is the extract of Silybum marianum, or milk thistle, and its major active compound is silybin, which has a remarkable biological effect. It is used in different liver disorders, particularly chronic liver diseases, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, because of its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic power. Indeed, the anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effect of silymarin is oriented towards the reduction of virus-related liver damages through inflammatory cascade softening and immune system modulation. It also has a direct antiviral effect associated with its intravenous administration in hepatitis C virus infection. With respect to alcohol abuse, silymarin is able to increase cellular vitality and to reduce both lipid peroxidation and cellular necrosis. Furthermore, silymarin/silybin use has important biological effects in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. These substances antagonize the progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, by intervening in various therapeutic targets: oxidative stress, insulin resistance, liver fat accumulation and mitochondrial dysfunction. Silymarin is also used in liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma that represent common end stages of different hepatopathies by modulating different molecular patterns. Therefore, the aim of this review is to examine scientific studies concerning the effects derived from silymarin/silybin use in chronic liver diseases, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma.

https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/22/2/191/pdf

Silymarin/Silybin and Chronic Liver Disease: A Marriage of Many Years

Introductory Overview

Our previous study has revealed that silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have potential to promote wound healing by accelerated re-epithelization and enhanced differentiation of fibroblasts. However, the effect of AgNPs on the functionality of repaired skin is unknown. The aim of this study was to explore the tensile properties of healed skin after treatment with AgNPs. Immunohistochemical staining, quantitative assay and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to detect and compare collagen deposition, and the morphology and distribution of collagen fibers. Our results showed that AgNPs improved tensile properties and led to better fibril alignments in repaired skin, with a close resemblance to normal skin. Based on our findings, we concluded that AgNPs were predominantly responsible for regulating deposition of collagen and their use resulted in excellent alignment in the wound healing process. The exact signaling pathway by which AgNPs affect collagen regeneration is yet to be investigated.

Modulation of collagen alignment by silver nanoparticles results in better mechanical properties in wound healing

Nanomaterials for wound healing: scope and advancement

Silymarin (Sm) is a polyphenolic component extracted from Silybum marianum It is an antioxidant, traditionally used as an immunostimulant, hepatoprotectant, and dietary supplement Relatively recently, Sm has proved to be a valuable chemopreventive and a useful antineoplastic agent Medical success for Sm is, however, constrained by very low aqueous solubility and associated biopharmaceutical limitations Sm flavonolignans are also susceptible to ion-catalyzed degradation in the gut Proven antihepatotoxic activity of Sm cannot therefore be fully exploited in acute chemical poisoning conditions like that in paracetamol overdose Moreover, a synchronous delivery that is required for hepatic regeneration is difficult to achieve by itself This work is meant to circumvent the inherent limitations of Sm through the use of nanotechnology Sm nanoparticles (Smnps) were prepared by nanoprecipitation in polyvinyl alcohol stabilized Eudragit RS100(®) polymer (Rohm Pharma GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany) Process parameter optimization provided 6739% entrapment efficiency and a Gaussian particle distribution of average size 12037 nm Sm release from the nanoparticles was considerably sustained for all formulations Smnps were strongly protective against hepatic damage when tested in a paracetamol overdose hepatotoxicity model Nanoparticles recorded no animal death even when administered after an established paracetamol-induced hepatic necrosis Preventing progress of paracetamol hepatic damage was traced for an efficient glutathione regeneration to a level of 113 μmol/g in hepatic tissue due to Smnps

/pdf/silymarin-nanoparticle-prevents-paracetamol-induced-4751qyzw9p.pdf

Silymarin nanoparticle prevents paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity

Silybin, is one imminent therapeutic for drug induced hepatotoxicity, human prostrate adenocarcinoma and other degenerative organ diseases. Recent evidences suggest that silybin influences gluconeogenesis pathways favorably and is beneficial in the treatment of type 1 and type 2 diabetes. The compound however is constrained due to solubility (0.4 mg/mL) and bioavailabilty limitations. Appropriate nanoparticle design for silybin in biocompatible polymers was thus proposed as a probable solution for therapeutic inadequacy. New surface engineered biopolymeric nanoparticles with high silybin encapsulation efficiency of 92.11% and zeta potential of +21 mV were designed. Both the pure compound and the nanoparticles were evaluated in vivo for the first time in experimental diabetic conditions. Animal health recovered substantially and the blood glucose levels came down to near normal values after 28 days treatment schedule with the engineered nanoparticles. Restoration from hyperglycemic damage condition was traced to serum insulin regeneration. Serum insulin recovered from the streptozotocin induced pancreatic damage levels of 0.17±0.01 µg/lit to 0.57±0.11 µg/lit after nanoparticle treatment. Significant reduction in glycated hemoglobin level, and restoration of liver glycogen content were some of the other interesting observations. Engineered silybin nanoparticle assisted recovery in diabetic conditions was reasoned due to improved silybin dissolution, passive transport in nanoscale, and restoration of antioxidant status.

/pdf/engineered-silybin-nanoparticles-educe-efficient-control-in-3t06wdl2me.pdf

Engineered silybin nanoparticles educe efficient control in experimental diabetes.

Wound healing is an innate physiological response that helps restore cellular and anatomic continuity of a tissue. Selective biodegradable and biocompatible polymer materials have provided useful scaffolds for wound healing and assisted cellular messaging. In the present study, guar gum, a polymeric galactomannan, was intrinsically modified to a new cationic biopolymer guar gum alkylamine (GGAA) for wound healing applications. Biologically synthesized silver nanoparticles (Agnp) were further impregnated in GGAA for extended evaluations in punch wound models in rodents. SEM studies showed silver nanoparticles well dispersed in the new guar matrix with a particle size of ~18 nm. In wound healing experiments, faster healing and improved cosmetic appearance were observed in the new nanobiomaterial treated group compared to commercially available silver alginate cream. The total protein, DNA, and hydroxyproline contents of the wound tissues were also significantly higher in the treated group as compared with the silver alginate cream (). Silver nanoparticles exerted positive effects because of their antimicrobial properties. The nanobiomaterial was observed to promote wound closure by inducing proliferation and migration of the keratinocytes at the wound site. The derivatized guar gum matrix additionally provided a hydrated surface necessary for cell proliferation.

/pdf/new-guar-biopolymer-silver-nanocomposites-for-wound-healing-10cpxstuei.pdf

New Guar Biopolymer Silver Nanocomposites for Wound Healing Applications

Paracetamol (acetaminophen, APAP) overdose is often fatal due to progressive and irreversible hepatic necrosis. The aim of this work was to design Andrographolide (AG) loaded nanoparticles to prevent similar hepatic necrosis. Functionalized AG-loaded PLGA nanoparticles carrying different densities of heparin were prepared following a facile emulsion solvent evaporation technique. Nanoparticle morphology, loading and release kinetics were studied. Hepatic localization of the nanoparticles was investigated in both normal and APAP damaged conditions using FITC fluorescent probe. Different serum parameters and liver histopathology were further examined as indicators of hepatic condition before and after treatment. A collection of heparin functionalized AG-loaded PLGA nanoparticles were designed. Low amount of heparin on the particle surface could rapidly localize the nanoparticles up to the liver. The new functionalized AG nanoparticles affect efficient hepatoprotection in experimental mouse APAP overdose conditions. AG nanoparticle hepatoprotection was due to the rapid regeneration of antioxidant capacity and hepatic GSH store. Engineered nanoparticles loaded with AG provided a fast protection in APAP induced acute liver failure.

Engineered Andrographolide Nanoparticles Mitigate Paracetamol Hepatotoxicity in Mice

Andrographolide (AG) is one of the most potent labdane diterpenoid-type free radical scavengers available from plant sources. The compound is the principal bioactive component in Andrographis paniculata leaf extracts, and is responsible for anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and immunomodulatory activity. The application of AG in therapeutics, however, is severely constrained, due to its low aqueous solubility, short biological half-life, and poor cellular permeability. Engineered nanoparticles in biodegradable polymer systems were therefore conceived as one solution to aid in further drug-like applications of AG. In this study, a cationic modified poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid nanosystem was applied for evaluation against experimental mouse hepatotoxic conditions. Biopolymeric nanoparticles of hydrodynamic size of 229.7±17.17 nm and ζ-potential +34.4±1.87 mV facilitated marked restoration in liver functions and oxidative stress markers. Superior dissolution for bioactive AG, hepatic residence, and favorable cytokine regulation in the liver tissues are some of the factors responsible for the newer nanosystem-assisted rapid recovery.

/pdf/engineered-andrographolide-nanosystems-for-smart-recovery-in-7xpzqhbknz.pdf

Runa Ghosh Auddy

Papers

Silymarin nanoparticle prevents paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity

Engineered silybin nanoparticles educe efficient control in experimental diabetes.

New Guar Biopolymer Silver Nanocomposites for Wound Healing Applications

Engineered Andrographolide Nanoparticles Mitigate Paracetamol Hepatotoxicity in Mice

Engineered andrographolide nanosystems for smart recovery in hepatotoxic conditions