Asevere type of jaundice that appeared in epidemic form was described by Adolf W eil of " eisbaden in 1880, and from this time for some years there was a tendency to refer to all cases ? severe jaundice that appeared in epidemic !?nn as Weil's disease. In 1915 some Japanese Investigators associated a slender coiled oiganwith a severe febrile attack, usually accompanied by jaundice, that occurred in both cPiclemic and sporadic form in Japan, this 0rganism they recovered from the blood and **** ^ Patients during life, and from the livci 'n(> kidneys post mortem.

專題討論－細螺旋體病（Leptospirosis）

In all epidemics, healthcare staff are at the centre of risks and damages caused by pathogens. Today, nurses and physicians are faced with unprecedented work pressures in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic, resulting in several psychological disorders such as stress, anxiety and sleep disturbances. The aim of this study is to investigate the prevalence of sleep disturbances in hospital nurses and physicians facing the COVID-19 patients. A systematic review and metanalysis was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA criteria. The PubMed, Scopus, Science direct, Web of science, CINHAL, Medline, and Google Scholar databases were searched with no lower time-limt and until 24 June 2020. The heterogeneity of the studies was measured using I2 test and the publication bias was assessed by the Egger’s test at the significance level of 0.05. The I2 test was used to evaluate the heterogeneity of the selected studies, based on the results of I2 test, the prevalence of sleep disturbances in nurses and physicians is I2: 97.4% and I2: 97.3% respectively. After following the systematic review processes, 7 cross-sectional studies were selected for meta-analysis. Six studies with the sample size of 3745 nurses were examined in and the prevalence of sleep disturbances was approximated to be 34.8% (95% CI: 24.8-46.4%). The prevalence of sleep disturbances in physicians was also measured in 5 studies with the sample size of 2123 physicians. According to the results, the prevalence of sleep disturbances in physicians caring for the COVID-19 patients was reported to be 41.6% (95% CI: 27.7-57%). Healthcare workers, as the front line of the fight against COVID-19, are more vulnerable to the harmful effects of this disease than other groups in society. Increasing workplace stress increases sleep disturbances in the medical staff, especially nurses and physicians. In other words, increased stress due to the exposure to COVID-19 increases the prevalence of sleep disturbances in nurses and physicians. Therefore, it is important for health policymakers to provide solutions and interventions to reduce the workplace stress and pressures on medical staff.

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The prevalence of sleep disturbances among physicians and nurses facing the COVID-19 patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Malleability of the SARS-CoV-2 3CL Mpro Active-Site Cavity Facilitates Binding of Clinical Antivirals

Unusual zwitterionic catalytic site of SARS-CoV-2 main protease revealed by neutron crystallography.

Previous decades have witnessed a lot of challenges that have provoked a dire need of ensuring global food security. The process of augmenting food production has made the agricultural ecosystems to face a lot of challenges like the persistence of residual particles of different pesticides, accretion of heavy metals, and contamination with toxic elemental particles which have negatively influenced the agricultural environment. The entry of such toxic elements into the human body via agricultural products engenders numerous health effects such as nerve and bone marrow disorders, metabolic disorders, infertility, disruption of biological functions at the cellular level, and respiratory and immunological diseases. The exigency for monitoring the agroecosystems can be appreciated by contemplating the reported 220,000 annual deaths due to toxic effects of residual pesticidal particles. The present practices employed for monitoring agroecosystems rely on techniques like gas chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography, mass spectroscopy, etc. which have multiple constraints, being expensive, tedious with cumbersome protocol, demanding sophisticated appliances along with skilled personnel. The past couple of decades have witnessed a great expansion of the science of nanotechnology and this development has largely facilitated the development of modest, quick, and economically viable bio and nanosensors for detecting different entities contaminating the natural agroecosystems with an advantage of being innocuous to human health. The growth of nanotechnology has offered rapid development of bio and nanosensors for the detection of several composites which range from several metal ions, proteins, pesticides, to the detection of complete microorganisms. Therefore, the present review focuses on different bio and nanosensors employed for monitoring agricultural ecosystems and also trying to highlight the factor affecting their implementation from proof-of-concept to the commercialization stage.

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A Review on Biosensors and Nanosensors Application in Agroecosystems.

Milk adulteration is one of the major global concerns as milk is being consumed as a wholesome dairy product in every part of the world. The fraudulent practice of milk adulteration is on the rise, which is making people apprehensive about the purity and quality of milk. The adulterants such as water, vegetable and animal fat, extraneous proteins and chemical components viz. melamine, urea, formalin, detergents, ammonium sulphate, boric acid, caustic soda, benzoic acid, salicylic acid, hydrogen peroxide and sugars deliberately mixed in milk can be an be harmful to the health of consumers. This necessitates the availability of procedures and technologies that could curb this ill practice of milk adulteration. Over the years, various methods have been developed for the detection of milk adulterants. The chromatographic methods such as HPLC and GC, coupled with mass spectrometry have been used for selective identification as well as detection of different milk adulterants. Immunological techniques such as ELISA and various DNA based procedures like PCR have also been used for the specific detection of some common milk adulterants. Spectroscopic methods, namely FTIR and NIR in association with chemometrics have raised the bar of adulterant detection systems. The equipments such as electronic nose and electronic tongue are some of the fancy procedures used in milk and other food adulterants detection. The biosensors are the detection systems that can be used for rapid and real time detection of milk adulterants. This review brings insight into the biosensor application in milk adulterant detection and also tries to explore the potential of biosensors in identifying some common milk adulterants.

Milk adulterant detection: Conventional and biosensor based approaches: A review

Scrub typhus is a mite-borne, acute febrile illness caused by the bacterium Orientia tsutsugamushi It is a re-emerging infectious disease of the tsutsugamushi triangle Scrub typhus is transmitted through bites of contaminated chiggers (larval stage) Diagnosis of scrub typhus is challenging as its symptoms mimic with other acute febrile illnesses Several methods are effectual for diagnosis of scrub typhus that includes enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immunofluorescence assay (IFA), immunochromatographic test (ICT), Weil–Felix, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) Weil–Felix test was initially used for the diagnosis of scrub typhus in underdeveloped countries but not preferred due to a lack of both specificity and sensitivity Other immuno-based methods like IFA and ELISA are most outrank for detection of scrub typhus due to their higher sensitivity and specificity, but not vigorous to lay bare the infection at early stages and need the convalescent sampling for verification of positive samples On another deed, PCR based methods becoming acceptable over era due to its dexterity of early-stage diagnosis with higher specificity and sensitivity but lack its applicability in circumstances of scrub typhus due to the variegated genetic makeup of Orientia tsutsugamushi among its serotypes The present review focused on various detection methods along with their advantages and disadvantages used in the diagnosis of scrub typhus A comparison between available methods of diagnosis with challenges in the detection of scrub typhus is also summarized

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Diagnosis of scrub typhus: recent advancements and challenges

A novel coronavirus strain 2019-nCoV has caused a rapid global pandemic-COVID-19. Scientists have taken onto the task of characterizing this new virus and understanding how this virus has transmitted to humans. All preliminary studies have found some striking similarities between this new virus and the SARS-CoV that caused a similar kind of epidemic in 2002-2003. Through bioinformatics tools, a great deal of information has been gathered about the origin, evolution and zoonosis of this virus. We, in this review, report the symptoms, mode of transmission and available and putative treatments to tackle 2019-nCoV infections. We also comprehensively summarize all the information so far made available regarding the genome, evolution and zoonosis of this virus.

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The novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV: Its evolution and transmission into humans causing global COVID-19 pandemic.

In order to determine the health status of people and provide the most appropriate treatment, rapid and accurate diagnosis is required. Recently all the clinical analysis is piloted in specialized laboratories which require specific and automated instruments. The pre-diagnosis of any disease is important in effective treatment and it becomes a lifesaving option. The conventional disease diagnostic methods require highly skilled labor, use expensive chemicals and are time consuming. They also suffer from problems like less sensitivity and specificity. Biosensors can help address these problems and provide specific, fast diagnosis with low cost, ease of use and portability. Biosensors are instruments which have a capability to detect a biological compound like nucleic acids and proteins. They may be optical, piezoelectric, and electrochemical. This review discusses the role of various biosensors in disease detection and diagnosis. Use of different nanostructured materials in biosensors is also being reviewed. These devices demonstrate appropriate sensitivity, specificity and efficient diagnosis.

Amalgamation of biosensors and nanotechnology in disease diagnosis: Mini-review

Progress in the medical profession is determined by the achievements and effectiveness of new antibiotics in the treatment of microbial infections. However, the development of multiple-drug resistance in numerous bacteria, especially Gram-negative bacteria, has limited the treatment options. Due to this resistance, the resurgence of cyclic polypeptide drugs like colistin remains the only option. The drug, colistin, is a well-known growth inhibitor of Gram-negative bacteria like Acinetobacter baumanni, Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Technological advancements have uncovered the role of the mcr-1(mobilized colistin resistance) gene, which is responsible for the development of resistance in Gram-negative bacteria, which make them distinct from other bacteria without this gene. Additionally, food animals have been determined to be the reservoir for colistin resistance microbes, from which they spread to other hosts. Due to the adverse effects of colistin, many developed countries have prohibited its usage in animal foods, but developing countries are still using colistin in animal food production, thereby imposing a major risk to the public health. Therefore, there is a need for implementation of sustainable measures in livestock farms to prevent microbial infection. This review highlights the negative effects (increased resistance) of colistin consumption and emphasizes the different approaches used for detecting colistin in animal-based foods as well as the challenges associated with its detection.

https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/10/10/1892/pdf

Rupak Nagraik

Papers

Milk adulterant detection: Conventional and biosensor based approaches: A review

Diagnosis of scrub typhus: recent advancements and challenges

The novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV: Its evolution and transmission into humans causing global COVID-19 pandemic.

Amalgamation of biosensors and nanotechnology in disease diagnosis: Mini-review

Understanding of Colistin Usage in Food Animals and Available Detection Techniques: A Review.