Intensive interest in graphene has centered on its unique 2D crystal lattice and remarkable properties that offer unique opportunities to address ever-increasing global energy demands. The past years have witnessed considerable advances in the fabrication of graphene-based materials and significant breakthroughs in advanced energy applications. In this Review, two methodologies for graphene production, namely, the bottom-up growth from hydrocarbon precursors and the top-down exfoliation of graphite (to graphene) and graphite oxide (to graphene oxide followed by reduction) are first summarized. The advantages and disadvantages of these methods regarding their accessibility, scalability, graphene quality, and inherent properties are compared. Particular attention is concentrated on tailored nanostructures, electronic properties, and surface activities of these intriguing materials. The preparation of graphene-based composites containing a wide range of active constituents (e.g., transition metals, metal oxides, and conducting polymers) by in-situ hybridization and ex-situ recombination is also discussed with an emphasis on their microstructures and hybrid architectures. This Review is devoted largely to current developments of graphene and its derivatives and composites in energy conversion (i.e., polymer solar cells, dye-sensitized solar cells, perovskite solar cells, and fuel cells) and energy storage (i.e., lithium-ion batteries and supercapacitors) on the basis of their intrinsic attributes in improving photovoltaic and electrochemical performance. By critically evaluating the relationship between the nanostructures and the device performance, we intend to provide general guidelines for the design of advanced graphene-based materials with structure-to-property tailored toward specific requirements for targeted energy applications. Lastly, the potential issues and the perspective for future research in graphene-based materials for energy applications are also presented. By summarizing the current state-of-the-art as well as the exciting achievements from laboratory research, this Review aims to demonstrate that real industrial applications of graphene-based materials are to be expected in the near future. (1346 references).

Graphene-based materials with tailored nanostructures for energy conversion and storage

Three dimensional graphene based materials: Synthesis and applications from energy storage and conversion to electrochemical sensor and environmental remediation

Porous Co3O4 hollow nanododecahedra for nonenzymatic glucose biosensor and biofuel cell.

Graphene is a two-dimensional atomic crystal, and since its development it has been applied in many novel ways in both research and industry. Graphene possesses unique properties, and it has been used in many applications including sensors, batteries, fuel cells, supercapacitors, transistors, components of high-strength machinery, and display screens in mobile devices. In the past decade, the biomedical applications of graphene have attracted much interest. Graphene has been reported to have antibacterial, antiplatelet, and anticancer activities. Several salient features of graphene make it a potential candidate for biological and biomedical applications. The synthesis, toxicity, biocompatibility, and biomedical applications of graphene are fundamental issues that require thorough investigation in any kind of applications related to human welfare. Therefore, this review addresses the various methods available for the synthesis of graphene, with special reference to biological synthesis, and highlights the biological applications of graphene with a focus on cancer therapy, drug delivery, bio-imaging, and tissue engineering, together with a brief discussion of the challenges and future perspectives of graphene. We hope to provide a comprehensive review of the latest progress in research on graphene, from synthesis to applications.

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Synthesis, toxicity, biocompatibility, and biomedical applications of graphene and graphene-related materials.

A novel 2D/0D C 3 N 5 /Bi 2 WO 6 S-scheme heterojunction with enhanced structural defects has been designed for the efficient elimination of pharmaceutical antibiotics and Cr( vi ). 

In situ construction of a C3N5 nanosheet/Bi2WO6 nanodot S-scheme heterojunction with enhanced structural defects for the efficient photocatalytic removal of tetracycline and Cr(<scp>vi</scp>)

The development of distinguished photocatalysts with high photo-carrier disassociation and photo-redox power for efficient elimination of pollutants in water is of great significance but still of a grand challenge. Herein, a novel Cd 0.5 Zn 0.5 S/Bi 2 WO 6 S-scheme heterojunction was built up by integrating Cd 0.5 Zn 0.5 S nanoparticles on Bi 2 WO 6 microspheres through a simple route. The S-scheme charge transfer mode substantially boosts the high-energetic electrons/holes spatial detachment and conservation on the Cd 0.5 Zn 0.5 S (reduction) and Bi 2 WO 6 (oxidation), respectively, as well as effectively suppresses the photo-corrosion of Cd 0.5 Zn 0.5 S, rendering Cd 0.5 Zn 0.5 S/Bi 2 WO 6 photocatalysts with superior redox ability. The optimal Cd 0.5 Zn 0.5 S/Bi 2 WO 6 heterojunction achieves exceptional visible-light-driven photocatalytic tetracycline (TC) degradation and Cr(VI) reduction efficiency, 3.2 (1.9)-time and 33.6 (1.6)-time stronger than that of neat Bi 2 WO 6 (Cd 0.5 Zn 0.5 S), while retaining the superior stability and reusability. Quenching test, mass spectrometry analysis, and toxicity assessment based on QSAR calculation unravel the prime active substances, intermediates, photo-degradation pathway and intermediate eco-toxicity in photocatalytic process. This research not only offers a potential photocatalyst for aquatic environment protection but also promotes the exploration of novel and powerful chalcogenides-based S-scheme photocatalysts for environment protection. A novel S-scheme heterojunction of Cd 0.5 Zn 0.5 S nanodots/Bi 2 WO 6 microspheres was designed and developed for highly efficient visible-light photocatalytic abatement of antibiotics and Cr(VI). A brand-new Cd 0.5 Zn 0.5 S/Bi 2 WO 6 S-scheme heterojunction was constructed; Cd 0.5 Zn 0.5 S/Bi 2 WO 6 demonstrates enhanced photocatalytic antibiotic degradation and Cr(VI) reduction; The degradation pathway of tetracycline was analyzed and QSAR analysis indicates that the toxicity of tetracycline was largely attenuated by Cd 0.5 Zn 0.5 S/Bi 2 WO 6 The mechanism and driving force of charge migration and separation in photoreaction were discussed; The S-scheme charge transfer mechanism ensures improved charge separation and stronger redox ability. 

Constructing Cd0.5Zn0.5S/Bi2WO6 S-scheme heterojunction for boosted photocatalytic antibiotic oxidation and Cr(VI) reduction

Rationally designed tetra (4-carboxyphenyl) porphyrin/graphene quantum dots/bismuth molybdate Z-scheme heterojunction for tetracycline degradation and Cr(VI) reduction: Performance, mechanism, intermediate toxicity appraisement.

Boosted photocatalytic antibiotic degradation performance of Cd0.5Zn0.5S/carbon dots/Bi2WO6 S-scheme heterojunction with carbon dots as the electron bridge

A novel organic/inorganic S-scheme heterostructure of TCPP/Bi12O17Cl2 for boosting photodegradation of tetracycline hydrochloride: Kinetic, degradation mechanism, and toxic assessment

Biofuel cells (BFCs), which use enzymes as catalysts to harvest energy from green and sustainable fuels abundantly producible from biological systems, are promising next-generation energy devices. However, the poor stability and high specificity to only one fuel type of these bio-catalysts largely limits the practical use of current BFCs. In this contribution, we demonstrate a unique fuel cell which, equipped with two identical enzyme-free electrodes based on Co3O4 coated 3D graphene, is able to efficiently harvest electricity from various sweet biofuels (glucose, sucrose, or lactose). Taking advantage of the dual catalytic ability of nanostructured Co3O4 for both glucose oxidation and oxygen reduction as well as the exceptional electrical and structural properties of 3D graphene, our glucose-powered fuel cell, with good long-term stability, offers high open circuit voltage (∼1.1 V) and power density output (2.38 ± 0.17 mW cm−2).

https://dr.ntu.edu.sg/bitstream/10220/39756/1/Enzymeless%20multi-sugar%20fuel%20cells%20with%20high%20power%20output%20based%20on%203D%20graphene-Co3O4%20hybrid%20electrodes.pdf

Ruyu Yan

Papers

Constructing Cd0.5Zn0.5S/Bi2WO6 S-scheme heterojunction for boosted photocatalytic antibiotic oxidation and Cr(VI) reduction

Rationally designed tetra (4-carboxyphenyl) porphyrin/graphene quantum dots/bismuth molybdate Z-scheme heterojunction for tetracycline degradation and Cr(VI) reduction: Performance, mechanism, intermediate toxicity appraisement.

Boosted photocatalytic antibiotic degradation performance of Cd0.5Zn0.5S/carbon dots/Bi2WO6 S-scheme heterojunction with carbon dots as the electron bridge

A novel organic/inorganic S-scheme heterostructure of TCPP/Bi12O17Cl2 for boosting photodegradation of tetracycline hydrochloride: Kinetic, degradation mechanism, and toxic assessment

Enzymeless multi-sugar fuel cells with high power output based on 3D graphene–Co3O4 hybrid electrodes