The fifth edition of "Numerical Methods for Engineers" continues its tradition of excellence. Instructors love this text because it is a comprehensive text that is easy to teach from. Students love it because it is written for them--with great pedagogy and clear explanations and examples throughout. The text features a broad array of applications, including all engineering disciplines. The revision retains the successful pedagogy of the prior editions. Chapra and Canale's unique approach opens each part of the text with sections called Motivation, Mathematical Background, and Orientation, preparing the student for what is to come in a motivating and engaging manner. Each part closes with an Epilogue containing sections called Trade-Offs, Important Relationships and Formulas, and Advanced Methods and Additional References. Much more than a summary, the Epilogue deepens understanding of what has been learned and provides a peek into more advanced methods. Approximately 80% of the end-of-chapter problems are revised or new to this edition. The expanded breadth of engineering disciplines covered is especially evident in the problems, which now cover such areas as biotechnology and biomedical engineering. Users will find use of software packages, specifically MATLAB and Excel with VBA. This includes material on developing MATLAB m-files and VBA macros.

Numerical methods for engineers

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Elements Of Chemical Reaction Engineering

Applied Groundwater Modeling—Simulation of Flow and Advective Transport

The in-situ deep mixing technique has been established as a means to effect columnar inclusions into soft ground to enhance the bearing capacity and reduce settlement. Since the inception of this method, developments in the plant and machinery, as well as associated field techniques, have surpassed the basic understanding of strength developments in high water-content clays admixed with cementing agents.In this paper an attempt is made to identify the critical factors governing the engineering behavior of cement-stabilized clay, which helps not only to control the input of cementing agent to attain strength development with curing time and clay water content, but also to understand the subsequent engineering behavior. It is revealed that the clay-water/cement ratio, $wc/ c$ is the prime parameter for the above purposes .

Engineering Behavior of Cement Stabilized Clay at High Water Content (IS-YOKOHAMA 2000「沿岸域の地盤工学における理論と実際」特集号〔英文〕)

Clayey soils are usually stiff when they are dry and give up their stiffness as they become saturated. Soft clays are associated with low compressive strength and excessive settlement. This reduction in strength due to moisture leads to severe damages to buildings and foundations. The soil behavior can be a challenge to the designer build infrastructure plans to on clay deposits. The damage due to the expansive soils every year is expected to be $1 billion in the USA, £150 million in the UK, and many billions of pounds worldwide. The damages associated with expansive soils are not because of the lack of inadequate engineering solutions but to the failure to identify the existence and magnitude of expansion of these soils in the early stage of project planning. One of the methods for soil improvement is that the problematic soil is replaced by suitable soil. The high cost involved in this method has led researchers to identify alternative methods, and soil stabilization with different additives is one of those methods. Recently, modern scientific techniques of soil stabilization are on offer for this purpose. Stabilized soil is a composite material that is obtained from the combination and optimization of properties of constituent materials. Adding cementing agents such as lime, cement and industrial byproducts like fly ash and slag, with soil results in improved geotechnical properties. However, during the past few decades, a number of cases have been reported where sulfate-rich soils stabilized by cement or lime underwent a significant amount of heave leading to pavement failure. This research paper addressed the some fundamental and success soil improvement that used in civil engineering field.

/pdf/fundamentals-of-soil-stabilization-4djewn9bar.pdf

Fundamentals of soil stabilization

Use of Coal ash as structural fills to support footings in low-lying areas can be a cost-effective solution to ash disposal problems. In some applications, especially when footings are constructed near the crest of the ash fill slope, this ash disposal solution may not meet the foundation requirements due to poor load-bearing capacity. Inclusion of horizontal geosynthetic reinforcements within the fill may be one of the most viable solutions in improving the load- bearing capacity of coal ash slope. Most information available in the literature for reinforced soil slope is based on small-scale laboratory model tests but field tests on prototype foundations give more realistic results. In view of the difficulties in accurately modeling full-scale behavior with small-scale laboratory models, practitioner generally does not adopt this result in the field. Therefore in the present investigation, large-scale model footing tests on reinforced coal ash slope were conducted in the laboratory. Prototype geogrid was used as reinforcement. The variables were number of reinforcement and edge distance of footing from the slope crest. The aim of this investigation was to find out the efficacy of multi- layer reinforcements in improving the load-bearing capacity of coal ash slope. The results were found to be encouraging and may have practical applications.

Large Model Footing Load Test on Multi-Layer Reinforced Coal Ash Slope

Ferrochrome slag is one of the major industrial wastes produced in huge quantities during the manufacturing of high-carbon ferrochromium alloy and it resembles the coarse dark-colored sand. The use of ferrochrome slag as a substitute for natural soil for major geotechnical projects shall not only mitigate the problems of its disposal but also reduce the problem of environmental degradation. Keeping this in view, a series of model footing tests were conducted with unreinforced ferrochrome slag subgrade, as well as subgrade reinforced with a single layer of geogrid without pretension and pretensioned geogrid. Embedment depth for the geogrid was varied corresponding to the width of the footing for both the cases. For pretensioned geogrid, pretensions in the geogrid were varied as 1, 2, and 3% of tensile strength of geogrid. It is concluded that pretensioning of the geogrid is quite beneficial in enhancing the reinforcement efficiency.

Behaviour of strip footing resting on pretensioned geogrid-reinforced ferrochrome slag subgrade

In several parts of the world, the disposal of waste materials like fly ash is a challenging task. The applications of fly ash as structural fills in foundations is one of the best solutions to disposal problems, because they can be used in large volumes in such application. There may be difficulty due to poor load-bearing capacity of fly ash, especially when footings rest on the top of the fly ash fill slope; but inclusion of polymeric reinforcements as horizontal sheets within the fill may be advantageous in improving the load-bearing capacity of reinforced fly ash slope. The aim of present investigation is to find out the efficacy of multi layer reinforcements in improving the load-bearing capacity when incorporated within the body of fly ash embankment. An increase in load bearing capacity due to the incorporation of reinforcement layers in the model slope was observed in the laboratory tests. The experimental results were compared with the numerical findings obtained from the finite element analysis using commercial software PLAXIS 2D version 9.0.

/pdf/load-bearing-capacity-of-footing-resting-on-multilayer-fneetgvote.pdf

Load-Bearing Capacity of Footing Resting on Multilayer Reinforced Fly Ash Slope

[Extract]
The discussers appreciate the authors for presenting test values of
many properties of fiber-reinforced fly ash by conducting more than 500 tests. These properties are listed as: optimum moisture content OMC, maximum dry density dmax, unconfined compression strength UCS, stress-strain properties, modulus of elasticity E, California bearing ratio CBR, resilient modulus Mr,
and modulus of subgrade reaction. These values can be useful for dealing with pavement design works involving fiber-reinforced fly ash. Based on the test values, the authors have emphasized that the fiber-reinforced fly ash is suitable in an economical way for subbase courses in rural roads.

https://ascelibrary.org/doi/pdf/10.1061/%28ASCE%29TE.1943-5436.132

Discussion of “Fiber-Reinforced Fly Ash Subbases in Rural Roads” by Praveen Kumar and Shailendra Pratap Singh

This paper describes the behaviour of a square model footing resting on a geocell-reinforced sand bed subjected to static and repeated loads. The static load tests were conducted to investigate the performance improvement of reinforced soil in terms of bearing capacity and settlement. The repeated load tests were carried out with varying initial static pressures to simulate the structures wherein the live loads change slowly and repeatedly such as oil or water storage tanks do. The ultimate bearing capacity, effect of initial static pressure as well as the number of load cycles without and with the use of geocell reinforcement were the main parameters to be investigated in this study. The results showed that with the provision of geocell reinforcement, the bearing capacity of reinforced soil increased by 2.4 times as compared to unreinforced soil, and the settlement decreased by 68% at the measured settlement level, s/B = 10% (s = settlement of footing, B = width of footing). It has also been observed that the total settlement reduces by 56% in case of geocell-reinforced sand after the application of 20 load cycles. Further, the results show that the total settlement increases at a gradually decreasing rate with an increase in initial static pressure and the number of load cycles.

Sanjay Kumar Shukla

Papers

Large Model Footing Load Test on Multi-Layer Reinforced Coal Ash Slope

Behaviour of strip footing resting on pretensioned geogrid-reinforced ferrochrome slag subgrade

Load-Bearing Capacity of Footing Resting on Multilayer Reinforced Fly Ash Slope

Discussion of “Fiber-Reinforced Fly Ash Subbases in Rural Roads” by Praveen Kumar and Shailendra Pratap Singh

Response of Square Footing on Geocell-Reinforced Sand Bed Under Static and Repeated Loads