抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a complex disorder for which currently there is no accepted definition. Having a uniform standard for diagnosing and classifying AKI would enhance our ability to manage these patients. Future clinical and translational research in AKI will require collaborative networks of investigators drawn from various disciplines, dissemination of information via multidisciplinary joint conferences and publications, and improved translation of knowledge from pre-clinical research. We describe an initiative to develop uniform standards for defining and classifying AKI and to establish a forum for multidisciplinary interaction to improve care for patients with or at risk for AKI. Members representing key societies in critical care and nephrology along with additional experts in adult and pediatric AKI participated in a two day conference in Amsterdam, The Netherlands, in September 2005 and were assigned to one of three workgroups. Each group's discussions formed the basis for draft recommendations that were later refined and improved during discussion with the larger group. Dissenting opinions were also noted. The final draft recommendations were circulated to all participants and subsequently agreed upon as the consensus recommendations for this report. Participating societies endorsed the recommendations and agreed to help disseminate the results. The term AKI is proposed to represent the entire spectrum of acute renal failure. Diagnostic criteria for AKI are proposed based on acute alterations in serum creatinine or urine output. A staging system for AKI which reflects quantitative changes in serum creatinine and urine output has been developed. We describe the formation of a multidisciplinary collaborative network focused on AKI. We have proposed uniform standards for diagnosing and classifying AKI which will need to be validated in future studies. The Acute Kidney Injury Network offers a mechanism for proceeding with efforts to improve patient outcomes.

Acute Kidney Injury Network: report of an initiative to improve outcomes in acute kidney injury

In the past decade, the field of medical image analysis has grown exponentially, with an increased number of pattern recognition tools and an increase in data set sizes. These advances have facilitated the development of processes for high-throughput extraction of quantitative features that result in the conversion of images into mineable data and the subsequent analysis of these data for decision support; this practice is termed radiomics. This is in contrast to the traditional practice of treating medical images as pictures intended solely for visual interpretation. Radiomic data contain first-, second-, and higher-order statistics. These data are combined with other patient data and are mined with sophisticated bioinformatics tools to develop models that may potentially improve diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive accuracy. Because radiomics analyses are intended to be conducted with standard of care images, it is conceivable that conversion of digital images to mineable data will eventually become routine practice. This report describes the process of radiomics, its challenges, and its potential power to facilitate better clinical decision making, particularly in the care of patients with cancer.

https://pubs.rsna.org/doi/pdf/10.1148/radiol.2015151169

Radiomics: Images Are More than Pictures, They Are Data.

Bevacizumab plus Irinotecan,Fluorouracil,and Leucovorin for Metastatic Colorectal Cancer

This Review covers recent progress on near-infrared fluorescence imaging for preclinical animal studies and clinical diagnostics and interventions.

Near-infrared fluorophores for biomedical imaging

A large area, 54 mm x 54 mm 1.8Megapixel CMOS image sensor was designed for scientific applications such as X-ray diffraction studies and direct medical X-ray imaging. Both applications have a requirement for large sensing area combined with a high dynamic range. The sensor was manufactured using stitching techniques in order to achieve a large, scalable design. The boundary between stitched sections is seamless, with no lost pixel space. Ten parallel outputs are used to enable a frame rate of up to 20 frames per second with full frame readout. Further increases in speed are possible by defining a region of interest.

A 54mm x 54mm — 1.8Megapixel CMOS image sensor for medical imaging

Stitched, large area, complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS), active pixel sensors (APS) show promises for X-ray imaging applications. In this paper we present an investigation of the effects of stitching on uniformity of sensor response for an experimental APS. The sensor, known as LAS (large area sensor), was made by reticular stitching onto a single silicon wafer of a 5×5 array of regions consisting of 270×270 pixels with 40 μm pixel pitch, to yield 1350×1350 pixels and an imaging area of 54×54 mm. Data acquired from two different sensors of the same type were filtered to remove spiking pixels and electromagnetic interference (EMI). The non-linear compensation (NLC) technique for CMOS sensor analysis was used to determine the variation in gain, read noise, full well capacity and dynamic range between stitched regions. Variations across stitched regions were analysed using profiles, analysis of pixel variations at stitch boundaries and using a measurement of non-uniformity within a stitched region. The results showed that non-uniformity variations were present, which increased with signal (1.5–3.5% at dark signal, rising to 3–8%). However, these were found to be smaller than variations caused by differences in readout electronics, particularly at low signal levels. The results suggest these variations should be correctable using standard calibration methods.

Characterisation of regional variations in a stitched CMOS active pixel sensor

/pdf/hyperspectral-imaging-in-biomedical-applications-2mewizlufe.pdf

Hyperspectral imaging in biomedical applications

Two active pixel sensor (APS) architectures have been evaluated for mammography. Firstly, a 525 times 525 APS array of 25 times 25 mum pixels with greater than 80% fill factor, on-pixel analogue buffer amplifier and column parallel 10-bit ADC has been optically coupled to a 115 mum thick CsI:Tl phosphor with columnar structure. Critical performance parameters such as photon transfer curves, MTF, and DQE have been measured. With a readout rate of 10 f/sec, the sensor has a read noise of 114 plusmn 2e- and suffers from read related column FPN. A DQE of 35 % close to zero frequency has been measured for this array. Secondly, a novel APS test structure with on-pixel ADC, i.e. On Pixel Intelligent CMOS (OPIC), has been designed to eliminate the above limitations. This sensor, a 72 times 64 array, is almost free of column FPN, reads at rates more than 3700 f/sec and exhibits 44 plusmn 5 e- read noise. Additionally, a "hit flag" can be set to select only pixels above a threshold for sparse readout. By adjusting the threshold, segmentation of different regions of the image can be performed. The time above threshold can also be recorded, offering a technique to eliminate over-exposed mammograms. Both sensors had 10% MTF at 9 cycles/mm when coated with the structured CsI:Tl. X-ray images displaying the sensors capabilities are also presented.

https://www.scintacor.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/A-novel-active-pixel-sensor-with-on-pixel-analog-to-digital-converter-for-mammography.pdf

A Novel Active Pixel Sensor With On-Pixel Analog-to-Digital Converter for Mammography

Protein aggregation into amyloid deposits and oxidative stress are key features of many neurodegenerative disorders including Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease. We report here the creation of four highly sensitive bifunctional fluorescent probes, capable of H2O2 and/or amyloid aggregate detection. These bifunctional sensors use a benzothiazole core for amyloid localization and boronic ester oxidation to specifically detect H2O2. We characterized the optical properties of these probes using both bulk fluorescence measurements and single-aggregate fluorescence imaging, and quantify changes in their fluorescence properties upon addition of amyloid aggregates of α-synuclein and pathophysiological H2O2 concentrations. Our results indicate these new probes will be useful to detect and monitor neurodegenerative disease.

https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/pdf/10.1098/rsos.171399

Sarah E. Bohndiek

Papers

A 54mm x 54mm — 1.8Megapixel CMOS image sensor for medical imaging

Characterisation of regional variations in a stitched CMOS active pixel sensor

Hyperspectral imaging in biomedical applications

A Novel Active Pixel Sensor With On-Pixel Analog-to-Digital Converter for Mammography

Bifunctional fluorescent probes for detection of amyloid aggregates and reactive oxygen species.