Xenobiotic resistance in insects has evolved predominantly by increasing the metabolic capability of detoxificative systems and/or reducing xenobiotic target site sensitivity. In contrast to the limited range of nucleotide changes that lead to target site insensitivity, many molecular mechanisms lead to enhancements in xenobiotic metabolism. The genomic changes that lead to amplification, overexpression, and coding sequence variation in the three major groups of genes encoding metabolic enzymes, i.e., cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s), esterases, and glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs), are the focus of this review. A substantial number of the adaptive genomic changes associated with insecticide resistance that have been characterized to date are transposon mediated. Several lines of evidence suggest that P450 genes involved in insecticide resistance, and perhaps insecticide detoxification genes in general, may share an evolutionary association with genes involved in allelochemical metabolism. Differences in the selective regime imposed by allelochemicals and insecticides may account for the relative importance of regulatory or structural mutations in conferring resistance.

Molecular mechanisms of metabolic resistance to synthetic and natural xenobiotics

What is ecological speciation

▪ Abstract Insecticide resistance is an increasing problem in many insect vectors of disease Our knowledge of the basic mechanisms underlying resistance to commonly used insecticides is well established Molecular techniques have recently allowed us to start and dissect most of these mechanisms at the DNA level The next major challenge will be to use this molecular understanding of resistance to develop novel strategies with which we can truly manage resistance State-of-the-art information on resistance in insect vectors of disease is reviewed in this context

Insecticide Resistance in Insect Vectors of Human Disease

The molecular basis of insecticide resistance in mosquitoes.

Cytochromes P450 and insecticide resistance.

To investigate the current mosquito fauna on Sado Island, we conducted surveillance in the Oosado mountainous area and the Kuninaka plain area from July 30 to August 3, 2019. In total, 20 species belonging to nine genera were collected. Among these, nine species in six genera were newly recorded on Sado Island. We also determined partial nucleotide sequences of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene for 87 individuals of the 20 species and assessed the genetic divergence of their populations on Sado Island and the degree of differentiation between the Sado Island populations and those from mainland Japan or the Ryukyu Archipelagos. 

Faunal and genetic studies of mosquitoes on Sado Island, Niigata Prefecture, Japan

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FGFR1 tyrosine kinase domain duplication in infantile soft tissue spindle cell tumor.

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Decreased incidence of acute immune thrombocytopenia in children during the COVID-19 pandemic

Introduction of the T315I gatekeeper mutation of BCR/ABL1 into a Philadelphia chromosome-positive lymphoid leukemia cell line using the CRISPR/Cas9 system

Studies on the Expression of Cytochrome P450s by cDNA Array Tequnique: for the Search of New Insecticide Targets and Elucidation of Resis tance Mechanisms

Shinji Kasai

Papers

Faunal and genetic studies of mosquitoes on Sado Island, Niigata Prefecture, Japan

FGFR1 tyrosine kinase domain duplication in infantile soft tissue spindle cell tumor.

Decreased incidence of acute immune thrombocytopenia in children during the COVID-19 pandemic

Introduction of the T315I gatekeeper mutation of BCR/ABL1 into a Philadelphia chromosome-positive lymphoid leukemia cell line using the CRISPR/Cas9 system

Studies on the Expression of Cytochrome P450s by cDNA Array Tequnique: for the Search of New Insecticide Targets and Elucidation of Resis tance Mechanisms