Foreign body reaction to biomaterials.

When considering new sensory technologies one should look to nature for guidance. Indeed, living organisms have developed the ultimate chemical sensors. Many insects can detect chemical signals with perfect specificity and incredible sensitivity. Mammalian olfaction is based on an array of less discriminating sensors and a memorized response pattern to identify a unique odor. It is important to recognize that the extraordinary sensory performance of biological systems does not originate from a single element. In actuality, their performance is derived from a completely interactive system wherein the receptor is served by analyte delivery and removal mechanisms, selectivity is derived from receptors, and sensitivity is the result of analyte-triggered biochemical cascades. Clearly, optimal artificial sensory sys-

Conjugated polymer-based chemical sensors.

Block copolymer micelles for drug delivery: design, characterization and biological significance

The rapid recognition of intravenously injected colloidal carriers, such as liposomes and polymeric nanospheres from the blood by Kupffer cells, has initiated a surge of development for "Kupffer cell-evading" or long-circulating particles. Such carriers have applications in vascular drug delivery and release, site-specific targeting (passive as well as active targeting), as well as transfusion medicine. In this article we have critically reviewed and assessed the rational approaches in the design as well as the biological performance of such constructs. For engineering and design of long-circulating carriers, we have taken a lead from nature. Here, we have explored the surface mechanisms, which affords red blood cells long-circulatory lives and the ability of specific microorganisms to evade macrophage recognition. Our analysis is then centered where such strategies have been translated and fabricated to design a wide range of particulate carriers (e.g., nanospheres, liposomes, micelles, oil-in-water emulsions) with prolonged circulation and/or target specificity. With regard to the targeting issues, attention is particularly focused on the importance of physiological barriers and disease states.

Long-Circulating and Target-Specific Nanoparticles: Theory to Practice

4.3. Reaction Mechanism 2373 4.4. Asymmetric Synthesis 2374 4.5. Outlook 2374 5. Alternating Polymerization of Oxiranes and CO2 2374 5.1. Reaction Outlines 2374 5.2. Catalyst 2376 5.3. Asymmetric Polymerization 2377 5.4. Immobilized Catalysts 2377 6. Synthesis of Urea and Urethane Derivatives 2378 7. Synthesis of Carboxylic Acid 2379 8. Synthesis of Esters and Lactones 2380 9. Synthesis of Isocyanates 2382 10. Hydrogenation and Hydroformylation, and Alcohol Homologation 2382

Transformation of carbon dioxide.

Copolymerization of carbon dioxide and epoxide

Attempts to copolymerize carbon dioxide with epoxide led us to the first success in using carbon dioxide as a direct starting material for synthesizing high polymers. Some organometallic catalyst systems were found to catalyze the alternate copolymerization of carbon dioxide and epoxide, resulting in the formation of polycarbonates, the structures of which were confirmed with the aid of IR, NMR and elemental analysis. Diethylzinc-water system produced a methanol insoluble aliphatic polycarbonate of much higher molecular weight than that produced by polycondensation. Thermal properties of the methanol insoluble polycarbonate were studied by differential thermal analysis and thermogravimetric analysis.

Copolymerization of carbon dioxide and epoxide with organometallic compounds

Adriamycin (ADR), an anthracycline anticancer drug, was bound to the poly(aspartic acid) chain of poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(aspartic acid) block copolymer by amide bond formation between an amino group of Adriamycin and the carboxyl groups of the poly(aspartic acid) chain The polymeric drug thus obtained was observed to form a micelle structure possessing diameter of approximately 50 nm, with a narrow distribution, in phosphate-buffered saline and to show excellent water solubility despite a large amount of ADR introduction Further, it was able to be stored in lyophilized form without losing its water solubility in the redissolving procedure Increased stability of the bound Adriamycin molecules in phosphate-buffered saline and elimination of binding affinity for bovine serum albumin due to the micelle formation were further advantages of this polymeric drug In vivo high anticancer activity of this micelle-forming polymeric drug against P 388 mouse leukemia was obtained with less body weight loss than that seen with free ADR, due to low toxicity as compared with free ADR

https://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/canres/50/6/1693.full.pdf

Characterization and Anticancer Activity of the Micelle-forming Polymeric Anticancer Drug Adriamycin-conjugated Poly(ethylene glycol)-Poly(aspartic acid) Block Copolymer

Metalloporphyrins as Initiators for Living and Immortal Polymerizations

Activation of carbon dioxide with aluminum porphyrin and reaction with epoxide. Studies on (tetraphenylporphinato)aluminum alkoxide having a long oxyalkylene chain as the alkoxide group

Shohei Inoue

Papers

Copolymerization of carbon dioxide and epoxide

Copolymerization of carbon dioxide and epoxide with organometallic compounds

Characterization and Anticancer Activity of the Micelle-forming Polymeric Anticancer Drug Adriamycin-conjugated Poly(ethylene glycol)-Poly(aspartic acid) Block Copolymer

Metalloporphyrins as Initiators for Living and Immortal Polymerizations

Activation of carbon dioxide with aluminum porphyrin and reaction with epoxide. Studies on (tetraphenylporphinato)aluminum alkoxide having a long oxyalkylene chain as the alkoxide group