THE DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTS. By Oscar Kempthorne. New York, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1952. 631 pp. $8.50. This book by a teacher of statistics (as well as a consultant for \"experimenters\") is a comprehensive study of the philosophical background for the statistical design of experiment. It is necessary to have some facility with algebraic notation and manipulation to be able to use the volume intelligently. The problems are presented from the theoretical point of view, without such practical examples as would be helpful for those not acquainted with mathematics. The mathematical justification for the techniques is given. As a somewhat advanced treatment of the design and analysis of experiments, this volume will be interesting and helpful for many who approach statistics theoretically as well as practically. With emphasis on the \"why,\" and with description given broadly, the author relates the subject matter to the general theory of statistics and to the general problem of experimental inference. MARGARET J. ROBERTSON

The Design and Analysis of Experiments

https://www.lth.se/fileadmin/bioteknik/Utbildning/Kurser/KKKA05/BiofuelBioETOH.pdf

Recent trends in global production and utilization of bio-ethanol fuel

Production of bioethanol from lignocellulosic materials via the biochemical pathway: a review.

Lignocellulosic feedstock materials are the most abundant renewable bioresource material available on earth. It is primarily composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, which are strongly associated with each other. Pretreatment processes are mainly involved in effective separation of these complex interlinked fractions and increase the accessibility of each individual component, thereby becoming an essential step in a broad range of applications particularly for biomass valorization. However, a major hurdle is the removal of sturdy and rugged lignin component which is highly resistant to solubilization and is also a major inhibitor for hydrolysis of cellulose and hemicellulose. Moreover, other factors such as lignin content, crystalline, and rigid nature of cellulose, production of post-pretreatment inhibitory products and size of feed stock particle limit the digestibility of lignocellulosic biomass. This has led to extensive research in the development of various pretreatment processes. The major pretreatment methods include physical, chemical, and biological approaches. The selection of pretreatment process depends exclusively on the application. As compared to the conventional single pretreatment process, integrated processes combining two or more pretreatment techniques is beneficial in reducing the number of process operational steps besides minimizing the production of undesirable inhibitors. However, an extensive research is still required for the development of new and more efficient pretreatment processes for lignocellulosic feedstocks yielding promising results.

/pdf/recent-updates-on-different-methods-of-pretreatment-of-nrww7iwu63.pdf

Recent updates on different methods of pretreatment of lignocellulosic feedstocks: a review

Lignocelluloses are often a major or sometimes the sole components in different waste streams from various sources such as industries, forestry, agriculture and municipalities. It represents an as-of-yet untapped source of fermentable sugars for significant industrial use. Many physico-chemical, structural and compositional factors hinder the hydrolysis of components present in the biomass to sugars and other organic compounds that can later be converted into fuels. During the past few years, a large number of chemical pretreatment methods including lime, acid, steam explosion, sulfur dioxide explosion, ammonia fiber explosion, ionic liquid and others have been developed for efficient pretreatment of biomass. Many pretreatment methods have shown high sugar yields i.e. more than 90% of the theoretical yield from lignocelluloses. In this review, we discuss various chemical pretreatment processes, feasibility of the processes at industrial scale in terms of the mechanisms involved, advantages, disadvantages and economic assessment. It is not possible to define the best pretreatment method as it depends on many factors such as type of lignocellulosic biomass, process parameters, environmental impact, economical feasibility, etc. However, some of these chemical pretreatments have disadvantages such as formation of inhibitory compounds especially furfural and 5-hydroxyl methyl furfural (HMF).

Importance of chemical pretreatment for bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass

An initiative has been taken to develop different solid, liquid, and gaseous biofuels as the alternative energy resources. The current research and technology based on the third generation biofuels derived from algal biomass have been considered as the best alternative bioresource that avoids the disadvantages of first and second generation biofuels. Algal biomass has been investigated for the implementation of economic conversion processes producing different biofuels such as biodiesel, bioethanol, biogas, biohydrogen, and other valuable co-products. In the present review, the recent findings and advance developments in algal biomass for improved biofuel production have been explored. This review discusses about the importance of the algal cell contents, various strategies for product formation through various conversion technologies, and its future scope as an energy security.

/pdf/scope-of-algae-as-third-generation-biofuels-2croqv1yum.pdf

Scope of algae as third generation biofuels

Comparative study of bio-ethanol production from mahula (Madhuca latifolia L.) flowers by Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells immobilized in agar agar and Ca-alginate matrices

Bioethanol production from mahula (Madhuca latifolia L.) flowers by solid-state fermentation

The progressive depletion of non-renewable energy sources worldwide, together with the fact that their overexploitation has resulted in environmental deterioration and public health problems, has led to consider alternative sources of energy. Lignocellulose-based bioethanol is a leading option among alternatives to petroleum-derived transportation fuels due to its potential sustainability. The production of ethanol through microbial fermentations has generated considerable research interests. Several thermophilic/thermotolerant ethanologenic species i.e. Clostridium thermocellum, C. thermohydrosulfuricum, C. thermosaccharolyticum, Caldicellulosiruptor sp., Thermotoga sp., Thermoanaerobium brockii, Thermoanaerobacter ethanolicus, T. thermo-hydrosulfuricus, T. mathranii, etc., have been isolated and identified as the potential lignocellulosic ethanol producers. Use of lignocellulolytic organisms alone at high temperatures could potentially reduce the cellulase requirement. Moreover, such cultures facilitate the ethanol production at high temperature and offer the possibility of in-situ ethanol recovery. However, more research on the metabolic pathways, regulation of end-product formation and construction of genetically engineered thermophilic/thermotolerant microorganisms with high tolerance to ethanol is required for optimal utilization of such microbes in industrial fermentations. Therefore, the present review has been focused on thermophilic/thermotolerant microbes for the production of ethanol, especially on their catabolic pathways, end-product formation and their future perspectives for industrial applications.

Shuvashish Behera

Papers

Importance of chemical pretreatment for bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass

Scope of algae as third generation biofuels

Comparative study of bio-ethanol production from mahula (Madhuca latifolia L.) flowers by Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells immobilized in agar agar and Ca-alginate matrices

Bioethanol production from mahula (Madhuca latifolia L.) flowers by solid-state fermentation

Bioprospecting thermophilic/thermotolerant microbes for production of lignocellulosic ethanol: A future perspective