応用水文 = Applied hydrology

Cet article analyse les relations conceptuelles (imprecises) de la vulnerabilite, de la resilience et de la capacite d’adaptation aux changements climatiques selon le systeme socio-ecologique (socio-ecologigal systems – SES) afin de comprendre et anticiper le comportement des composantes sociales et ecologiques du systeme. Une serie de questions est proposee par l’auteur sur la specification de ces termes afin de developper une structure conceptuelle qui inclut les dimensions naturelles et so...

Linkages between vulnerability, resilience, and adaptive capacity

Drought is a complex natural hazard that impacts ecosystems and society in many ways. Many of these impacts are associated with hydrological drought (drought in rivers, lakes, and groundwater). It is, therefore, crucial to understand the development and recovery of hydrological drought. In this review an overview is given of the current state of scientific knowledge of definitions, processes, and quantification of hydrological drought. Special attention is given to the influence of climate and terrestrial properties (geology, land use) on hydrological drought characteristics and the role of storage. Furthermore, the current debate about the use and usefulness of different drought indicators is highlighted and recent advances in drought monitoring and prediction are mentioned. Research on projections of hydrological drought for the future is summarized. This review also briefly touches upon the link of hydrological drought characteristics with impacts and the issues related to drought management. Finally, four challenges for future research on hydrological drought are defined that relate international initiatives such as the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and the ‘Panta Rhei’ decade of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences (IAHS). WIREs Water 2015, 2:359–392. doi: 10.1002/wat2.1085

For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.

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Hydrological drought explained

Understanding, management and modelling of urban hydrology and its consequences for receiving waters: A state of the art

This paper reviews state-of-the-art empirical, hydrodynamic and simple conceptual models for determining flood inundation. It explores their advantages and limitations, highlights the most recent advances and discusses future directions. It addresses how uncertainty is analysed in this field with the various approaches and identifies opportunities for handling it better. The aim is to inform scientists new to the field, and help emergency response agencies, water resources managers, insurance companies and other decision makers keep up-to-date with the latest developments. Guidance is provided for selecting the most suitable method/model for solving practical flood related problems, taking into account the specific outputs required for the modelling purpose, the data available and computational demands. Multi-model, multi-discipline approaches are recommended in order to further advance this research field. This paper reviews state-of-the-art flood inundation models.It explores their advantages and limitations.It highlights the most recent advances and discusses future directions.It addresses how uncertainty is analysed and identifies opportunities for handling it better.

Flood inundation modelling

The classical approach to flood defence, focused on reducing the probability of flooding through hard defences, has been gradually substituted by flood risk management approach, which accepts the idea of coping with floods, and aims at reducing both probability and the consequences of flooding. In this view, the concept of vulnerability becomes central, such as the (non-structural) measures for its increment. However, the evaluations for the effectiveness and methods of non-structural measure and the vulnerability are less studied, compared to the structural solutions. In this paper, we adopted the Longano catchment in Sicily, Italy, as the case study. The methodology developed in the work enabled a qualitative evaluation of the consequences of floods, based on a crisscross analysis of vulnerability curves and classes of exposure for assets at risk. A GIS-based tool was used to evaluate each element at risk inside an Exposure-Vulnerability matrix. The construction of an E-V matrix allowed a better understanding of the actual situation within a catchment and the effectiveness of non-structural measures for a site. Referring directly to vulnerability can also estimate the possible consequences of an event even in those catchments where the damage data are absent. The instrument proposed can be useful for authorities responsible for development and periodical review of adaptive flood risk management plans.

/pdf/a-novel-approach-to-flood-risk-assessment-the-exposure-akij854mmj.pdf

A novel approach to flood risk assessment: the Exposure-Vulnerability matrices

The northeastern Brazilian region has been vulnerable to hydrometeorological extremes, especially droughts, for centuries. A combination of natural climate variability (most of the area is semi-arid) and water governance problems increases extreme events’ impacts, especially in urban areas. Spatial analysis and visualisation of possible land-use change (LUC) zones and trends (urban growth vectors) can be useful for planning actions or decision-making policies for sustainable development. The Global Human Settlement Layer (GHSL) produces global spatial information, evidence-based analytics, and knowledge describing Earth’s human presence. In this work, the GHSL built-up grids for selected Brazilian cities were used to generate urban models using GIS (geographic information system) technologies and cellular automata for spatial pattern simulations of urban growth. In this work, six Brazilian cities were selected to generate urban models using GIS technologies and cellular automata for spatial pattern simulations of urban sprawl. The main goal was to provide predictive scenarios for water management (including simulations) and urban planning in a region highly susceptible to extreme hazards, such as floods and droughts. The northeastern Brazilian cities’ analysis raises more significant challenges because of the lack of land-use change field data. Findings and conclusions show the potential of dynamic modelling to predict scenarios and support water sensitive urban planning, increasing cities’ coping capacity for extreme hazards.

/pdf/multi-temporal-built-up-grids-of-brazilian-cities-how-trends-42itdc34v3.pdf

Multi-Temporal Built-Up Grids of Brazilian Cities: How Trends and Dynamic Modelling Could Help on Resilience Challenges?

12nd International Conference on Urban Drainage, Porto Alegre/Brazil, 10-15 September 2011

This study investigates the influence of free-surface variation on the velocity field using numerical simulations of flow around a sharp-nosed pier that is representative of a typical masonry bridg...

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00221686.2019.1631223

Prediction of flow around a sharp-nosed bridge pier: influence of the Froude number and free-surface variation on the flow field

As the climate changes and urbanisation occurs the risk of flooding is increasing. Numerical modelling can help to indicate the location and degree of flooding under given conditions. This aids engineers to improve the design of sewer systems at critical locations. Modelling also aids the planning process and real time management to mitigate the flooding impact. To be able to do this in real time low computation times are required. Fast computation can be difficult to obtain using traditional modelling methods, such as the Saint Venant Equations, due to their complexity. Thus there have been a number of attempts to obtain faster but still highly accurate conceptual models. A number of fast models have been developed, however, their accuracy is often lower than those which use the Saint Venant Equations. In this paper a Cellular Automata sewer simulator will be presented which is both fast and accurate. The new model has been tested using a small theoretical network that has been designed to fully test the model’s capabilities.

Slobodan Djordjević

Papers

A novel approach to flood risk assessment: the Exposure-Vulnerability matrices

Multi-Temporal Built-Up Grids of Brazilian Cities: How Trends and Dynamic Modelling Could Help on Resilience Challenges?

12nd International Conference on Urban Drainage, Porto Alegre/Brazil, 10-15 September 2011

Prediction of flow around a sharp-nosed bridge pier: influence of the Froude number and free-surface variation on the flow field

Fast Simulation of Sewer Flow using Cellular Automata