A communication infrastructure is an essential part to the success of the emerging smart grid. A scalable and pervasive communication infrastructure is crucial in both construction and operation of a smart grid. In this paper, we present the background and motivation of communication infrastructures in smart grid systems. We also summarize major requirements that smart grid communications must meet. From the experience of several industrial trials on smart grid with communication infrastructures, we expect that the traditional carbon fuel based power plants can cooperate with emerging distributed renewable energy such as wind, solar, etc, to reduce the carbon fuel consumption and consequent green house gas such as carbon dioxide emission. The consumers can minimize their expense on energy by adjusting their intelligent home appliance operations to avoid the peak hours and utilize the renewable energy instead. We further explore the challenges for a communication infrastructure as the part of a complex smart grid system. Since a smart grid system might have over millions of consumers and devices, the demand of its reliability and security is extremely critical. Through a communication infrastructure, a smart grid can improve power reliability and quality to eliminate electricity blackout. Security is a challenging issue since the on-going smart grid systems facing increasing vulnerabilities as more and more automation, remote monitoring/controlling and supervision entities are interconnected.

https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1315&context=electricalengineeringfacpub

A Survey on Smart Grid CommunicationInfrastructures: Motivations, Requirements andChallenges

A review of Internet of Things for smart home: Challenges and solutions

The fifth generation (5G) wireless communication networks are being deployed worldwide from 2020 and more capabilities are in the process of being standardized, such as mass connectivity, ultra-reliability, and guaranteed low latency. However, 5G will not meet all requirements of the future in 2030 and beyond, and sixth generation (6G) wireless communication networks are expected to provide global coverage, enhanced spectral/energy/cost efficiency, better intelligence level and security, etc. To meet these requirements, 6G networks will rely on new enabling technologies, i.e., air interface and transmission technologies and novel network architecture, such as waveform design, multiple access, channel coding schemes, multi-antenna technologies, network slicing, cell-free architecture, and cloud/fog/edge computing. Our vision on 6G is that it will have four new paradigm shifts. First, to satisfy the requirement of global coverage, 6G will not be limited to terrestrial communication networks, which will need to be complemented with non-terrestrial networks such as satellite and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) communication networks, thus achieving a space-air-ground-sea integrated communication network. Second, all spectra will be fully explored to further increase data rates and connection density, including the sub-6 GHz, millimeter wave (mmWave), terahertz (THz), and optical frequency bands. Third, facing the big datasets generated by the use of extremely heterogeneous networks, diverse communication scenarios, large numbers of antennas, wide bandwidths, and new service requirements, 6G networks will enable a new range of smart applications with the aid of artificial intelligence (AI) and big data technologies. Fourth, network security will have to be strengthened when developing 6G networks. This article provides a comprehensive survey of recent advances and future trends in these four aspects. Clearly, 6G with additional technical requirements beyond those of 5G will enable faster and further communications to the extent that the boundary between physical and cyber worlds disappears.

/pdf/towards-6g-wireless-communication-networks-vision-enabling-2tj7a36yux.pdf

Towards 6G wireless communication networks: vision, enabling technologies, and new paradigm shifts

Antenna Theory And Design

The advent of more proactive consumers, the so-called “prosumers”, with production and storage capabilities, is empowering the consumers and bringing new opportunities and challenges to the operation of power systems in a market environment. Recently, a novel proposal for the design and operation of electricity markets has emerged: these so-called peer-to-peer (P2P) electricity markets conceptually allow the prosumers to directly share their electrical energy and investment. Such P2P markets rely on a consumer-centric and bottom-up perspective by giving the opportunity to consumers to freely choose the way they buy their electric energy. A community can also be formed by prosumers who want to collaborate, or in terms of operational energy management. This paper contributes with an overview of these new P2P markets that starts with the motivation, challenges, market designs moving to the potential future developments in this field, providing recommendations while considering a test-case.

/pdf/peer-to-peer-and-community-based-markets-a-comprehensive-2uke866akr.pdf

Peer-to-peer and community-based markets: A comprehensive review

There is huge expectation from smart power grid to provide sustainable energy services using bi-directional flow of data and power enabled by advanced information, communication and control infrastructure. An important element of such a smart grid is prosumers i.e. the consumers who also produce and share surplus energy with grid and other users. Prosumers are not only an important stakeholder of the future smart grids but also have a vital role in peak demand management. Therefore, it is needed to investigate and review the Prosumers based Energy Management and Sharing (PEMS) along with associated challenges. It will help in understanding and analyzing the impact of prosumers in future smart grids. In order to achieve these objectives, this paper presents a comprehensive review of PEMS in smart grid environment and associated impact on power system reliability and energy sustainability. The process of energy sharing among prosumers involves two key elements: information and communication technologies and optimization techniques. These two elements have been discussed in detail to cover the PEMS implementation requirements. The relevant communications technologies presented in the paper include wired, wireless, short and long range options while linear and nonlinear optimization techniques, in context of PEMS, are described. Various technologies, methodologies and mechanisms adopted for PEMS are comprehensively discussed in order to enhance readers’ intuition. Challenges and issues faced by prosumer communities and energy sharing have also been elaborated in detail.

Prosumer based energy management and sharing in smart grid

Smart grid is envisioned to meet the 21st century energy requirements in a sophisticated manner with real time approach by integrating the latest digital communications and advanced control technologies to the existing power grid. It will connect the global users through energy efficiency and awareness corridor. This paper presents a comprehensive review of Wireless Communications Technologies (WCTs) for implementation of smart grid in a systematic way. Various network attributes like internet protocol (IP) support, power usage, data rate etc. are considered to compare the communications technologies in smart grid context. Techniques suitable for Home Area Networks (HANs) like ZigBee, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, 6LoWPAN and Z-Wave are discussed and compared in context of consumer concerns and network attributes. A similar approach in context of utilities concerns is adopted for wireless communications techniques for Neighborhood Area Networks (NANs) which include WiMAX and GSM based cellular standards. Smart grid applications, associated network issues and challenges are elaborated at the end.

A review of wireless communications for smart grid

Combined emission economic dispatch of power system including solar photo voltaic generation

Traditional electricity grid offers demand side management (DSM) programs for industrial plants and commercial buildings; there is no such program for residential consumers because of the lack of effective automation tools and efficient information and communication technologies (ICTs). Smart Grid is, by definition, equipped with modern automation tools such as home energy management system (HEMS), and ICTs. HEMS is an intelligent system that performs planning, monitoring and control functions of the energy utilization within premises. It is intended to offer desirable demand response according to system conditions and price value signaled by the utility. HEMS enables smart appliances to counter demand response programs according to the comfort level and priority set by the consumer. Demand response can play a key role to ensure sustainable and reliable electricity supply by reducing future generation cost, electricity prices, CO2 emission and electricity consumption at peak times. This paper focuses on the review of HEMSs and enabled demand response (DR) programs in various scenarios as well as incorporates various DR architectures and models employed in the smart grid. A comprehensive case study along with simulations and numerical analysis has also been presented.

HEMSs and enabled demand response in electricity market: An overview

Pakistan is facing severe energy crisis in spite of the fact that nature has blessed her with huge energy potential. Short fall of electricity supply in the country is increasing and has been recorded up to 4522 MW in 2010. This deficit reached to 7000 MW in May, 2011. A comprehensive review of Pakistan's energy sector is presented in this paper. Energy potential, major issues of energy sector and energy import options are discussed. Issues like poor management, combined cycle capacity, low hydro power share, circular debt and energy security have been covered. Energy potential assessment includes hydro solar, wind, coal, nuclear, hydrogen cells, geo-thermal, ocean resources and bio mass. Future prediction calculations are based upon country's current and world's average per capita energy consumption. Current oil and gas reserves of the country contribute to only 5 percent and 48.8 percent of the energy mix and at the current rate will be exhausted by 13 and 16 years respectively. The overwhelming dependence of the energy sector on imported fossil fuels may create a situation of energy security threat. However dependence upon the energy import options cannot be avoided in order to lessen the severity of energy crisis in near future. Some of the energy import options are: Turkmanistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan and India (TAPI); Iran, Pakistan and India (IPI) gas pipelines; Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) from Qatar etc. On the other hand exploitation of vast renewable potential like hydro, solar and wind requires serious attention. Exploitation of indigenous coal resources would also be a key for solving energy crisis in the long run. In summary, this paper presents energy potential assessment in context of major issues, future predictions and impact of energy import options. This in turn provides a big, clear and brighter picture of the country's energy sector.

http://ww3.comsats.edu.pk/Faculty/Users/EE/anzarmahmood/Pakistan's%20overall%20energy%20potential%20assessment,%20comparison%20of%20LNG,%20TAPI%20and%20IPI%20gas%20projects.pdf

Sohail Razzaq

Papers

Prosumer based energy management and sharing in smart grid

A review of wireless communications for smart grid

Combined emission economic dispatch of power system including solar photo voltaic generation

HEMSs and enabled demand response in electricity market: An overview

Pakistan's overall energy potential assessment, comparison of LNG, TAPI and IPI gas projects