Experience and Educationis the best concise statement on education ever published by John Dewey, the man acknowledged to be the pre-eminent educational theorist of the twentieth century. Written more than two decades after Democracy and Education(Dewey's most comprehensive statement of his position in educational philosophy), this book demonstrates how Dewey reformulated his ideas as a result of his intervening experience with the progressive schools and in the light of the criticisms his theories had received. Analysing both "traditional" and "progressive" education, Dr. Dewey here insists that neither the old nor the new education is adequate and that each is miseducative because neither of them applies the principles of a carefully developed philosophy of experience. Many pages of this volume illustrate Dr. Dewey's ideas for a philosophy of experience and its relation to education. He particularly urges that all teachers and educators looking for a new movement in education should think in terms of the deeped and larger issues of education rather than in terms of some divisive "ism" about education, even such an "ism" as "progressivism." His philosophy, here expressed in its most essential, most readable form, predicates an American educational system that respects all sources of experience, on that offers a true learning situation that is both historical and social, both orderly and dynamic.

经验与教育 = Experience and education

This text reassesses Freudian psychoanalysis in an attempt to develop an understanding of the psychology of femininity and the ideological oppression of women. Analyzing sexuality, femininity and the family as they are treated in the works of Freud, Estch and Laing, the author demonstrates that Freud's theories have much to offer women in the understanding of their sexuality, and compares him to Estch and Laing whose contributions to the feminist cause, in her opinion, are less radical and more ephemeral. To support her case she discusses some interpretations of Freud's work and shows how the misunderstanding of his concept of the unconscious mind has led to misinterpretation of his theories.

Psychoanalysis and Feminism

Do siblings develop similar attachment relationships with their mother? Attachment theory suggests that brothers and sisters growing up in the same family are likely to relate in similar ways to their parents, at least when parental attachment representations and interactive styles remain stable across time. In the current study, sibling attachment data from three research groups (from Pennsylvania State University, Leiden University, and the University of Western Ontario) have been pooled to assemble a sufficiently large sample of observations (N = 138 sibling pairs) for a detailed comparison of sibling attachment relationships. Spacing between the births, differences in maternal sensitivity, and gender of siblings were examined as possible sources of concordance of nonconcordance. Attachment security (including disorganized attachment) of each sibling was assessed with the Strange Situation procedure between 12 and 14 months after birth. Maternal sensitivity was observed with the same rating scale in a laboratory play session in one of the studies and in home observations in the others. Sibling relationships were found to be significantly concordant when classified as secure/nonsecure (62% concordance, p < .01, 1-tailed, intraclass correlation = .23) but not when further subcategorized. Maternal insensitivity to both siblings (shared environment) was associated with concordance of sibling nonsecurity. Siblings of the same gender were more likely to form concordant relationships with their mother (68%; p < .01, 1-tailed, intraclass correlation = .37) than those of opposite gender. Same-sex sibling concordance was comparable to the concordance found for monozygotic twins in earlier studies. Genetic factors may, therefore, play a relatively small role in the development of attachment.

The similarity of siblings' attachments to their mother: Preliminary findings

La gestion de la question sociale s’est traduite, en France, par la constitution d’un « quasi –secteur » qui, a son apogee au milieu des annees 1970, articule protection sociale, aide sociale et action sociale. A la suite, et afin de faire face aux « nouveaux problemes sociaux », se propage un processus assez generalise de socio-Territorialisation empruntant a quatre repertoires d’action assez distincts : l’amenagement reparateur, l’administration integrative, la gestion modernisatrice et le developpement endogene. L’expertise d’Etat se double alors d’une expertise davantage generaliste, construite a l’articulation des differentes echelles d’action publique. Depuis 2005, le nouveau repertoire qui se structure, celui de l’activation cohesive, s’accompagne d’une expertise plus prescriptive et fonctionne comme un marqueur du nouveau regime d’Etat social actif. Le detour par le Quebec permet alors d’entrevoir le sens et les modalites des reordonnancements en cours et, tout a la fois, de reperer certaines des composantes specifiques de notre dynamique nationale.

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La gestion localisée de la question sociale : diversité des échelles, circulation des idées, contributions expertes.

Despite its pervasive and detrimental nature, sibling violence (SV) remains marginalized as a harmless and inconsequential form of familial aggression. The present study investigates the extent to which perceptions of SV differ from those of other types of interpersonal violence. A total of 605 respondents (197 males, 408 females) read one of four hypothetical physical assault scenarios that varied according to perpetrator-victim relationship type (i.e., sibling vs. dating partner vs. peer vs. stranger) before completing a series of 24 attribution items. Respondents also reported on their own experiences of interpersonal violence during childhood. Exploratory factor analysis reduced 23 attribution items to three internally reliable factors reflecting perceived assault severity, victim culpability, and victim resistance ratings. A 4 × 2 MANCOVA-controlling for respondent age-revealed several significant effects. Overall, males deemed the assault less severe and the victim more culpable than did females. In addition, the sibling assault was deemed less severe compared to assault on either a dating partner or a stranger, with the victim of SV rated just as culpable as the victim of dating, peer, or stranger-perpetrated violence. Finally, respondents with more (frequent) experiences of childhood SV victimization perceived the hypothetical SV assault as being less severe, and victim more culpable, than respondents with no SV victimization. Results are discussed in the context of SV normalization. Methodological limitations and applications for current findings are also outlined.

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The Normalization of Sibling Violence Does Gender and Personal Experience of Violence Influence Perceptions of Physical Assault Against Siblings

Resume L’attachement parent–enfant constitue un lien affectif entre l’enfant et sa mere ou son pere, qui lui permet d’utiliser celle-ci, ou celui-ci, comme un port de securite lorsqu’il est en situation de detresse, puis comme une base de securite a partir de laquelle il peut a nouveau explorer lorsque le danger a disparu. D’abord focalisee sur la dyade mere–enfant, la theorie de l’attachement s’est ensuite etendue a celle constituee par le pere et son enfant, puis a un ensemble de figures proches de l’enfant (freres, sœurs, grands-parents, pairs, etc.). Aujourd’hui, plus de 30 ans apres sa validation empirique initiale, l’attachement parent–enfant interroge encore la communaute scientifique. Parallelement, la theorie du systeme familial nous enseigne que, constituee d’elements en interaction, la famille, premier milieu dans lequel baigne l’enfant, fonctionne comme un systeme. Ainsi la jonction entre ces deux modeles theoriques est-elle largement souhaitee et nombreux sont les auteurs qui la sollicitent afin de comprendre l’influence des relations intrafamiliales sur la qualite de l’attachement parent–enfant. Ces relations incluent les relations conjugales, coparentales, parent–enfant et les relations fraternelles. Nous nous proposons ici de faire le point sur l’ensemble des recherches qui ont etudie l’impact de chacune d’elles sur la qualite de l’attachement parent–enfant. Ce travail s’inscrit dans une perspective ecosystemique et constitue une etape importante vers une approche systemique de l’attachement, prenant en compte la dynamique de l’ensemble des relations familiales.

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Système familial et attachement : revue de la question

Ever since its development by the British psychiatrist John Bowlby in 1973, the theory of parent-child attachment has elicited a great deal of research. According to this theory, a child is born with a behavioral system which enables the child, when in a situation of distress, to seek protection with an attachment figure, typically the mother. For nearly forty years, Bowlby's theory has attempted to define the role and the characteristics of both the child and the attachment figure, while also showing that children who are secure in their relationship with a parent spend more time exploring their environment and demonstrate better social adjustment that children considered insecure. Research has also shown that, in addition to the mother, other people, especially within the family, can serve as attachment figures for children. Parallel to this, the family system theory has developed. This theory introduces the idea that the family, with all its different members, functions as a system comprised of multiple subsystems (intergenerational, marital, coparental, parent-child and sibling) which are both autonomous and interdependent. In our study, we chose to associate these two theories so as to reveal, for each member of the family (father, mother, oldest and youngest children), the perception of the different types of parent-child attachment existing within the family (mother-oldest child attachment, mother-youngest child attachment and father-oldest child attachment, father-youngest child attachment). This is a novel approach in that it makes it possible to demonstrate that perceptions vary from person to person and that certain variables carry more weight than others in family dynamics. This approach also helps to explain why a brother and sister from the same sibling group may each have a different type of attachment to the same caregiver and why a child may have a different type of attachment to each parent.

https://hal-univ-tlse2.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01498767/document

Siblings : parent-child attachments, perceptions, interacion and family dynamics

Un eleve passe plus du tiers de son temps eveille a l’ecole, et les cours rassemblent tous les eleves, quelques soient leurs niveaux socio-economiques et culturels : l’ecole est donc le lieu le plus propice a la promotion egale de la sante. Ce rapport examine les actions proposees en matiere de sante aux eleves (comment et par qui) et ce qu’ils en retirent. Il souligne que si certains themes sont tres souvent abordes a l’ecole (hygiene de vie, jeux dangereux…) d’autres sont presque toujours absents des programmes (jeux d’argent, sante bucco-dentaire…). Le plus souvent, le but des actions est d’aider les eleves a developper des aptitudes personnelles et sociales leur permettant d’eviter les comportements a risques. Ce rapport presente egalement les differents acteurs promoteurs de la sante au sein des etablissements (infirmiers, psychologues, enseignants…), les difficultes auxquelles ils font face (dialogue, moyens…) et les acteurs exterieurs appuyant l’apprentissage de la sante (familles, INPES…). La troisieme partie de ce rapport est consacree a la perception que les jeunes ont de leur sante, et de l’utilisation qu’ils font des connaissances dont ils disposent.

Bien-être des élèves à l’école et promotion de leur santé

The question of joint placement arises when making the decision to place children of the same siblingship as part of the protective measures taken in the case of parental mistreatment, particularly when there is evidence of mistreatment among the siblings. This paper reviews 219 recent articles addressing the joint placement of brothers and sisters and/or mistreatment within siblingships. The authors refer to the different theories, methods and questions related to this issue and the tools that have been used, as well as the main results are reviewed here. In particular, the indications and contraindications of joint placement of siblings and its effects and factors as well as the psychopathological consequences of intra-sibling violence will also be addressed. This paper shows the need for further research in this area, in particular, so as to refine the methodologies and tools used to analyse the relationships between siblings before, during and after their placement.

Violence among siblings and joint placement: a review of the literature

Resume L’objectif de cette etude vise a etablir un lien entre la relation d’activation (ou d’attachement) pere-enfant et la qualite des relations fraternelles chez des enfants d’âge scolaire, en tenant compte de l’evolution theorique et methodologique, de cet attachement specifique. Cinquante-sept peres ont repondu au questionnaire d’ouverture au Monde (QOM) [Defi jeunesse, 8 (2002) 6–12] qui definit l’attachement ou la relation d’activation, pere-enfant selon deux axes : la stimulation (sociale, cognitive et affective) et le controle de l’enfant. Le questionnaire des relations fraternelles des jeunes enfants [Troupel, O., 2006. Attachement fraternel, styles de relations et des interactions de tutelle au sein des fratries de jeunes enfants : effet modulateur de la representation des relations fraternelles de l’aine. These de doctorat nouveau regime, universite de Toulouse–Le-Mirail] renseigne la qualite des relations fraternelles. Les cadets beneficiant d’une relation securisee, c’est-a-dire a la fois stimulante et controlante, avec leur pere, s’entendent mieux avec leur aine que les autres enfants, en particulier que ceux qui ont beaucoup de controle et peu de stimulation de la part de leur pere. L’hypothese selon laquelle la stimulation envers les pairs du cadet par le pere influencerait directement la qualite de la relation fraternelle n’est cependant pas confirmee. D’autres resultats sur l’attachement et les relations fraternelles sont discutes.

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Stéphanie Pinel-Jacquemin

Papers

Système familial et attachement : revue de la question

Siblings : parent-child attachments, perceptions, interacion and family dynamics

Bien-être des élèves à l’école et promotion de leur santé

Violence among siblings and joint placement: a review of the literature

Attachement père-cadet et qualité des relations fraternelles cadet-aîné