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Modern Applied Statistics With S

The talk with present the key results of the IPCC Working Group III 5th assessment report. Concluding four years of intense scientific collaboration by hundreds of authors from around the world, the report responds to the request of the world's governments for a comprehensive, objective and policy neutral assessment of the current scientific knowledge on mitigating climate change. The report has been extensively reviewed by experts and governments to ensure quality and comprehensiveness.

Climate change 2014 - Mitigation of climate change

The boundary layer equations for plane, incompressible, and steady flow are 

$$\matrix{ {u{{\partial u} \over {\partial x}} + v{{\partial u} \over {\partial y}} = - {1 \over \varrho }{{\partial p} \over {\partial x}} + v{{{\partial ^2}u} \over {\partial {y^2}}},} \cr {0 = {{\partial p} \over {\partial y}},} \cr {{{\partial u} \over {\partial x}} + {{\partial v} \over {\partial y}} = 0.} \cr }$$

Boundary Layer Theory

The science of the total environment

Ecosystem services, the benefits that people obtain from ecosystems, are a powerful lens through which to understand human relationships with the environment and to design environmental policy. The explicit inclusion of beneficiaries makes values intrinsic to ecosystem services; whether or not those values are monetized, the ecosystem services framework provides a way to assess trade-offs among alternative scenarios of resource use and land- and seascape change. We provide an overview of the ecosystem functions responsible for producing terrestrial hydrologic services and use this context to lay out a blueprint for a more general ecosystem service assessment. Other ecosystem services are addressed in our discussion of scale and trade-offs. We review valuation and policy tools useful for ecosystem service protection and provide several examples of land management using these tools. Throughout, we highlight avenues for research to advance the ecosystem services framework as an operational basis for policy d...

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The Nature and Value of Ecosystem Services: An Overview Highlighting Hydrologic Services

River restoration projects in gravel-bed rivers are becoming increasingly sophisticated and complex as river managers and scientists attempt to deliver the goals of catchment-scale ecosystem restoration. With increased sophistication, come the dual challenges of recognizing and responding to the uncertainty inherent in the restoration process. Uncertainty is rarely explicitly recognised in current restoration projects and, where it is, the scope and definition are limited. In this paper we argue that uncertainty is a fundamental element of river restoration and that the sources of uncertainty are varied. A typology for understanding and communicating uncertainty in terms of these sources is presented. One of the myths surrounding uncertainty is the notion that being uncertain is the same as not knowing anything. In fact, when uncertainty is expressed as a statement of plausible outcome and/or significance, expressing uncertainty is a very informative statement of knowledge. The significance of uncertainty is explored conceptually and quantified for two contrasting examples from two gravel-bed river restoration projects. Respectively, these demonstrate that uncertainty in the conceptual model applied to a restoration project can have significant impacts on the restoration process and that unreliability uncertainties can affect the design of bankfull channel dimensions. The paper concludes with a discussion of the approaches to incorporating uncertainty in river restoration projects, and argues for one that embraces uncertainty. We present an approach for embracing geomorphic uncertainty in physical habitat restoration, that uses coupled habitat and landscape evolution models to define the plausible outcomes for a given restoration project.

28 Uncertain restoration of gravel-bed rivers and the role of geomorphology

Oceanic density currents in many deep‐water channels are strongly influenced by the Coriolis force. The dynamics of the bottom boundary layer in large geostrophic flows and low Rossby number turbidity currents are very important for determining the erosion and deposition of sediment in channelized contourite currents and many large‐scale turbidity currents. However, these bottom boundary layers are notoriously difficult to resolve with oceanic field measurements or in previous small‐scale rotating laboratory experiments. We present results from a large, 13‐m diameter, rotating laboratory platform that is able to achieve both stratified and highly turbulent flows in regimes where the rotation is sufficiently rapid that the Coriolis force can potentially dominate. By resolving the dynamics of the turbulent bottom boundary in straight and sinuous channel sections, we find that the Coriolis force can overcome centrifugal force to switch the direction of near‐bed flows in channel bends. This occurs for positive Rossby numbers less than +0.8, defined as RoR = /Rf, where is the depth and time‐averaged velocity, R is the radius of channel curvature, and f is the Coriolis parameter. Density and velocity fields decoupled in channel bends, with the densest fluid of the gravity current being deflected to the outer bend of the channel by the centrifugal force, while the location of velocity maximum shifted with the Coriolis force, leading to asymmetries between left‐ and right‐turning bends. These observations of Coriolis effects on gravity currents are synthesized into a model of how sedimentary structures might evolve in sinuous turbidity current channels at various latitudes.

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Influence of Coriolis force upon bottom boundary layers in a large‐scale gravity current experiment: Implications for evolution of sinuous deep‐water channel systems

Numerical Modelling of Bed Topography and Bank Erosion Along Vegetated Meandering Rivers

Landward shifts of the maximum accretion zone in the tidal reach of the Changjiang estuary following construction of the Three Gorges Dam

This thematic Virtual Special Issue highlights a personal selection of 18 recent (2007-2009) contributions to Earth Surface Processes and Landforms. These papers provide a flavour of recent research that is concerned with furthering our understanding of the many ways in which the biosphere interacts with the physical and chemical processes of sediment transfer/transformation. Much of this research has focused on understanding the mechanics by which the biota can modulate sediment transport and the strength of earth surface materials, often with the aim of applying that knowledge to enhance bioremediation methods of erosion control. This work continues to be fundamentally important in enhancing our understanding of earth surface processes, but often treats the biosphere and physical world as uncoupled entities. This selection therefore also provides samples of work that point to an ongoing but significant disciplinary reappraisal in which it is the interactions between ecological and geomorphological realms that are of primary interest.

Stephen E. Darby

Papers

28 Uncertain restoration of gravel-bed rivers and the role of geomorphology

Influence of Coriolis force upon bottom boundary layers in a large‐scale gravity current experiment: Implications for evolution of sinuous deep‐water channel systems

Numerical Modelling of Bed Topography and Bank Erosion Along Vegetated Meandering Rivers

Landward shifts of the maximum accretion zone in the tidal reach of the Changjiang estuary following construction of the Three Gorges Dam

Reappraising the geomorphology-ecology link