抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Preface to the Princeton Landmarks in Biology Edition vii Preface xi Symbols Used xiii 1. The Importance of Islands 3 2. Area and Number of Speicies 8 3. Further Explanations of the Area-Diversity Pattern 19 4. The Strategy of Colonization 68 5. Invasibility and the Variable Niche 94 6. Stepping Stones and Biotic Exchange 123 7. Evolutionary Changes Following Colonization 145 8. Prospect 181 Glossary 185 References 193 Index 201

The Theory of Island Biogeography

https://www.cs.princeton.edu/~schapire/papers/ecolmod.pdf

Maximum entropy modeling of species geographic distributions

Statistical method for testing the neutral mutation hypothesis by DNA polymorphism.

The lion's share of bacteria in various environments cannot be cloned in the laboratory and thus cannot be sequenced using existing technologies. A major goal of single-cell genomics is to complement gene-centric metagenomic data with whole-genome assemblies of uncultivated organisms. Assembly of single-cell data is challenging because of highly non-uniform read coverage as well as elevated levels of sequencing errors and chimeric reads. We describe SPAdes, a new assembler for both single-cell and standard (multicell) assembly, and demonstrate that it improves on the recently released E+V-SC assembler (specialized for single-cell data) and on popular assemblers Velvet and SoapDeNovo (for multicell data). SPAdes generates single-cell assemblies, providing information about genomes of uncultivatable bacteria that vastly exceeds what may be obtained via traditional metagenomics studies. SPAdes is available online ( http://bioinf.spbau.ru/spades ). It is distributed as open source software.

SPAdes, a new genome assembly algorithm and its applications to single-cell sequencing ( 7th Annual SFAF Meeting, 2012)

Recent advances in spatial transcriptomics (ST) enable gene expression measurements from a tissue sample while retaining its spatial context. This technology enables unprecedented in situ resolution of the regulatory pathways that underlie the heterogeneity in the tumor and its microenvironment (TME). The direct characterization of cellular co-localization with spatial technologies facilities quantification of the molecular changes resulting from direct cell-cell interaction, as occurs in tumor-immune interactions. We present SpaceMarkers, a novel bioinformatics algorithm to infer molecular changes from cell-cell interaction from latent space analysis of ST data. We apply this approach to infer molecular changes from tumor-immune interactions in Visium spatial transcriptomics data of metastasis, invasive and precursor lesions, and immunotherapy treatment. Further transfer learning in matched scRNA-seq data enabled further quantification of the specific cell types in which SpaceMarkers are enriched. Altogether, SpaceMarkers can identify the location and context-specific molecular interactions within the TME from ST data.

Uncovering the spatial landscape of molecular interactions within the tumor microenvironment through latent spaces

This paper reports on a vertebrate fauna survey undertaken at the Cannabullen section of Tully Gorge National Park in the north Queensland Wet Tropics. A team of 6 biologists surveyed the plateau and adjacent Cochable Creek over 20 days in November 1993 using a combination of standardised methods including mammal trapping, active reptile searches, spotlighting and bird censuses. Additional miscellaneous observations were also included. Ninety-six species of vertebrate were detected (12 mammals, 52 birds, 22 reptiles and 10 amphibians) of which 29 were endemic to the Wet Tropics region. Thirty-nine species were considered to be significant with respect to the conservation of the World Heritage values of the region, with 8 of these recognised as being rare or endangered in Queensland. The survey extended the known altitudinal range of 6 species endemic to the Wet Tropics to well below their previously recognised limits.

Vertebrate fauna of the Cannabullen Plateau: a mid-altitude rainforest in the Australian Wet Tropics

Summary On 29 October 1998, the RGS-IBG invited delegates to a conference entitled ‘Social exclusion and the city’, with Geoff Mulgan (founder of the think-tank Demos and a policy advisor to Prime Minister Blair) as the keynote speaker. The event was well attended, providing much useful insight into the government policies of the 'Social Exclusion Unit’ and ongoing academic research into the processes and problems of 'social exclusion’. Here we provide some general observations on the conference and some suggestions regarding the possible directions of the debate on social exclusion and inclusion.

Left out? Observations on the RGS-IBG conference on social exclusion and the city

Climate‐driven biodiversity erosion is escalating at an alarming rate. The pressure imposed by climate change is exceptionally high in tropical ecosystems, where species adapted to narrow environmental ranges exhibit strong physiological constraints. Despite the observed detrimental effect of climate change on ecosystems at a global scale, our understanding of the extent to which multiple climatic drivers affect population dynamics is limited. Here, we disentangle the impact of different climatic stressors on 47 rainforest birds inhabiting the mountains of the Australian Wet Tropics using hierarchical population models. We estimate the effect of spatiotemporal changes in temperature, precipitation, heatwaves, droughts and cyclones on the population dynamics of rainforest birds between 2000 and 2016. We find a strong effect of warming and changes in rainfall patterns across the elevational‐segregated bird communities, with lowland populations benefiting from increasing temperature and precipitation, while upland species show an inverse strong negative response to the same drivers. Additionally, we find a negative effect of heatwaves on lowland populations, a pattern associated with the observed distribution of these extreme events across elevations. In contrast, cyclones and droughts have a marginal effect on spatiotemporal changes in rainforest bird communities, suggesting a species‐specific response unrelated to the elevational gradient. This study demonstrated the importance of unravelling the drivers of climate change impacts on population changes, providing significant insight into the mechanisms accelerating climate‐induced biodiversity degradation.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/gcb.16608

Stephen E. Williams

Papers

Uncovering the spatial landscape of molecular interactions within the tumor microenvironment through latent spaces

Vertebrate fauna of the Cannabullen Plateau: a mid-altitude rainforest in the Australian Wet Tropics

Left out? Observations on the RGS-IBG conference on social exclusion and the city

The climatic drivers of long‐term population changes in rainforest montane birds

Will climate change catch us off guard