Definition: To what extent does the study allow us to draw conclusions about a causal effect between two or more constructs? Issues: Selection, maturation, history, mortality, testing, regression towrd the mean, selection by maturation, treatment by mortality, treatment by testing, measured treatment variables Increase: Eliminate the threats, above all do experimental manipulations, random assignment, and counterbalancing.

Reliability and validity

Nursing Research—Principles and Methods

American Cancer Society Guidelines for the Early Detection of Cancer

Objective: To adequately help family caregivers (FCs) of cancer patients, clinicians need to understand the complexity of the problems and responsibilities associated with cancer patients illness that FCs experience.

Methods: This systematic review identified the types of problems and burdens that FCs of cancer patients experience during the patient's illness. We also analyzed the language caregivers use to communicate their problems and responsibilities related to caregiving for the cancer patient.

Results: Of 2845 titles identified, 192 articles met the inclusion criteria and are included in this review. Of these, 164 were research-based. In addition to FC responsibilities and the impact of being a caregiver on daily life, a number of other physical, social, and emotional problems related to caregiving for these FCs were identified.

Conclusion: A substantial evidence base supports the conclusion that FCs experience many difficult problems and increased responsibilities during and after the patient is undergoing treatment and rehabilitation for cancer. The insights gained from this review will help researchers and clinicians to understand the complexity of problems and responsibilities FCs experience. This understanding may encourage them to include support for FCs as part of total or holistic patient care. However, more research is needed to better understand the variations in caregiving experiences over time; how the caregiving perspective is influenced by different cultural, ethnic, or socioeconomic backgrounds as well as gender and age; and how problems and responsibilities related to caregiving interfere with daily life. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/pon.1670

Review of the literature on the effects of caring for a patient with cancer.

The Association Between Obesity and Low Back Pain : A Meta-Analysis.

Title. Low back pain: prevalence and associated risk factors among hospital staff.

Aim.  This paper is a report of a study conducted to describe the prevalence and risk factors for lower back pain amongst a variety of Turkish hospital workers including nurses, physicians, physical therapists, technicians, secretaries and hospital aides.

Background.  Hospital workers experience more low back pain than many other groups, the incidence varies among countries. Work activities involving bending, twisting, frequent heavy lifting, awkward static posture and psychological stress are regarded as causal factors for many back injuries.

Method.  A 44-item questionnaire was completed by 1600 employees in six hospitals associated with one Turkish university using a cross-sectional survey design. Data were collected over nine months from December 2005 to August 2006 and analysed using Chi square and multivariate logistic regression techniques.

Findings.  Most respondents (65·8%) had experienced low back pain, with 61·3% reporting an occurrence within the last 12 months. The highest prevalence was reported by nurses (77·1%) and the lowest amongst secretaries (54·1%) and hospital aides (53·5%). In the majority of cases (78·3%), low back pain began after respondents started working in the hospital, 33·3% of respondents seeking medical care for ‘moderate’ low back pain while 53·8% (n = 143) had been diagnosed with a herniated lumbar disc. Age, female gender, smoking, occupation, perceived work stress and heavy lifting were statistically significant risk-factors when multivariate logistic regression techniques were conducted (P < 0·05).

Conclusion.  Preventive measures should be taken to reduce the risk of lower back pain, such as arranging proper rest periods, educational programmes to teach the proper use of body mechanics and smoking cessation programmes.

Low back pain: prevalence and associated risk factors among hospital staff.

BACKGROUND: Caring of the dying patients and facing the death can be a stressful and difficult experience for nurses. Besides personal and professional experiences, nurses' own attitudes toward death may affect the care given to dying individuals. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to examine Turkish nurses' attitudes toward and experiences with death and caring for dying patients. METHODS: A descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted at 2 university hospitals and 1 state hospital located in Ankara, Turkey. Data were collected via sociodemographics form, the Death Attitude Profile-Revised, and Frommelt's Attitude Toward Caring for Dying Patients. RESULTS: The attitudes of Turkish nurses toward death and caring for dying patients are less positive than the reported attitudes of nurses in other studies. Significant relationships were found among level of education, willingness to care for dying patients, and scores on Frommelt's Attitude Toward Caring for Dying Patients and on Death Attitude Profile-Revised subscales (P < .05). Although the majority of nurses (85%) stated that they had received education on end of life, most of them (82%) were not comfortable talking about death. CONCLUSIONS: A lack of education and experience may contribute to the negative attitudes. Providing a reflective narrative environment in which nurses can express their personal feelings about death and dying could be a potentially effective approach. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: This study highlights the need for further educational research and development of better educational programs to help nurses to explore and understand their attitudes toward death, overcome fears, increase communication skills, and enhance coping strategies.

Attitudes and experiences of nurses toward death and caring for dying patients in Turkey.

Background: The primary site of cancer in Turkish women is breast cancer. The incidence of breast cancer is increasing in Turkey. Objective: The aim of the research was to educate women 40 years and older to increase their awareness on early detection and diagnosis to facilitate the use of the early diagnosis methods to improve the womens beliefs in relation breast cancer and to increase the use of Cancer Early Diagnosis and Screening Centers available in the city. Methods: The target population of the research was 5000 women. Forty selected women were educated as peer educators. Twenty-five of them were selected as principal peer educator. Each peer educator was expected to educate 200 women. Peer trainers educated their peer and also arranged for the mammography appointment of the women who decided to have theirs taken. Data were obtained before and after the training by Champions Health Belief Model Scale questionnaire forms and Cancer Early Diagnosis and Screening Centers data for mammography practice. Results: Breast cancer was detected in 8 women. Statistical analyses showed positive changes in womens health beliefs and breast self-examination knowledge. There were 20.4% of women (n = 1040) who did get mammograms and 8% (n = 8) of women were found to have cancer in all of those screened. Conclusion: Peer education was found to be effective for increasing the knowledge beliefs and practice of women related to breast cancer. Implications for practice: Peers can reinforce learning through ongoing contact. Peer education can be used to improve early diagnosis of breast cancer and breast cancer awareness in asymptomatic women.

Effectiveness of peer education for breast cancer screening and health beliefs in eastern Turkey.

background: Prostate cancer is for many men a chronic disease with a long life expectancy after treatment. The impact of prostate cancer therapy on men has been well defined, however, explanation of the consequences of cancer treatment has not been modelled against the wider variables of long-term health-care provision. The aim of this study was to explore the parameters of unmet supportive care needs in men with prostate cancer in relation to the experience of nursing care.
methods: A survey was conducted among a volunteer sample of 1001 men with prostate cancer living in seven European countries.
results: At the time of the survey, 81% of the men had some unmet supportive care needs including psychological, sexual and health system and information needs. Logistic regression indicated that lack of post-treatment nursing care significantly predicted unmet need. Critically, men’s contact with nurses and/or receipt of advice and support from nurses, for several different aspects of nursing care significantly had an impact on men’s outcomes.
conclusion: Unmet need is related not only to disease and treatment factors but is also associated with the supportive care men received. Imperative to improving men’s treatment outcomes is to also consider the access to nursing and the components of supportive care provided, especially after therapy.

/pdf/the-impact-of-supportive-nursing-care-on-the-needs-of-men-503e0sqdcx.pdf

Sultan Kav

Papers

Low back pain: prevalence and associated risk factors among hospital staff.

Attitudes and experiences of nurses toward death and caring for dying patients in Turkey.

Effectiveness of peer education for breast cancer screening and health beliefs in eastern Turkey.

The impact of supportive nursing care on the needs of men with prostate cancer: a study across seven European countries

A Turkish version of Kogan's attitude toward older people (KAOP) scale: reliability and validity assessment.