Susan A. Doyle

TL;DR: It is found that circulating T follicular helper cells, which provide B cell help, not only respond to influenza vaccination but also form long-lasting memory, which highlights the antigen specificity, lineage relationships, and memory properties of human cTFH responses to vaccination.

TL;DR: It is demonstrated that increased percentages of CD8 T cells from aged individuals express CD57 and KLRG1, along with PD‐1 and other inhibitory receptors, markers of senescence, or exhaustion, respectively, which suggest a prominent role forsenescence and/or terminal differentiation for influenza virus‐specific CD8T cells in elderly subjects.

TL;DR: Gene expression profiling by Illumina arrays revealed highly significant differences in 1368 probes at baseline between Caucasians and African Americans although samples from both cohorts showed comparable changes in transcriptome following vaccination.

TL;DR: The data do not indicate that timing of vaccination affects immune responsiveness of the aged, but shows that in clinical influenza vaccine trials timing of collection of samples can have a major and potentially misleading influence on study outcome.

TL;DR: Accumulation of pre-existing influenza virus-specific immunity in the form of NAb and cross-reactive T cells to conserved virus proteins over a lifetime of exposure to infection and vaccination may influence vaccine-induced CD4 T cell responses in the aged.