There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.

Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …

I and i

다중혈관 관상동맥 환자에서 y-문합을 이용하여 양쪽 내흉동맥만을 사용한 우회술의 조기 성적

Deposits of clastic carbonate-dominated (calciclastic) sedimentary slope systems in the rock record have been identified mostly as linearly-consistent carbonate apron deposits, even though most ancient clastic carbonate slope deposits fit the submarine fan systems better. Calciclastic submarine fans are consequently rarely described and are poorly understood. Subsequently, very little is known especially in mud-dominated calciclastic submarine fan systems. Presented in this study are a sedimentological core and petrographic characterisation of samples from eleven boreholes from the Lower Carboniferous of Bowland Basin (Northwest England) that reveals a >250 m thick calciturbidite complex deposited in a calciclastic submarine fan setting. Seven facies are recognised from core and thin section characterisation and are grouped into three carbonate turbidite sequences. They include: 1) Calciturbidites, comprising mostly of highto low-density, wavy-laminated bioclast-rich facies; 2) low-density densite mudstones which are characterised by planar laminated and unlaminated muddominated facies; and 3) Calcidebrites which are muddy or hyper-concentrated debrisflow deposits occurring as poorly-sorted, chaotic, mud-supported floatstones. These

Phd by thesis

비만아 부모의 돌봄 경험: q 방법론

This article reports world averages of measurements of b-hadron, c-hadron, and tau-lepton properties obtained by the Heavy Flavor Averaging Group (HFAG) using results available through the end of 2011. In some cases results available in the early part of 2012 are included. For the averaging, common input parameters used in the various analyses are adjusted (rescaled) to common values, and known correlations are taken into account. The averages include branching fractions, lifetimes, neutral meson mixing parameters, CP violation parameters, parameters of semileptonic decays and CKM matrix elements.

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Averages of b-hadron, c-hadron, and tau-lepton properties as of early 2012

Physics of leptoquarks in precision experiments and at particle colliders

$B$ physics has played a prominent role in investigations of new physics effects at low-energies. Presently, the largest discrepancy between a standard model prediction and experimental measurements appears in the branching ratio of the charged current mediated $B\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\tau}{\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}}_{\ensuremath{\tau}}$ decay, where the large $\ensuremath{\tau}$ mass lifts the helicity suppression arising in leptonic $B$ decays. Less significant systematic deviations are also observed in the semileptonic $B\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{D}^{(*)}\ensuremath{\tau}{\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}}_{\ensuremath{\tau}}$ rates. Because of the rich spin structure of the final state, the decay mode $B\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{D}^{*}\ensuremath{\tau}{\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}}_{\ensuremath{\tau}}$ offers a number of tests of such possible standard model deviations. We investigate the most general set of lowest dimensional effective operators leading to helicity suppressed modifications of $b\ensuremath{\rightarrow}c$ (semi)leptonic transitions. We explore such contributions to the $B\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{D}^{*}\ensuremath{\tau}{\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}}_{\ensuremath{\tau}}$ decay amplitudes by determining the differential decay rate, longitudinal ${D}^{*}$ polarization fraction, ${D}^{*}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\tau}$ opening angle asymmetry and the $\ensuremath{\tau}$ helicity asymmetry. We identify the size of possible new physics contributions to these observables constrained by the present $B\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{D}^{(*)}\ensuremath{\tau}{\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}}_{\ensuremath{\tau}}$ rate measurements and find significant modifications are still possible in all of them. In particular, the opening angle asymmetry can be shifted by almost 30%, relative to the standard model prediction, while the $\ensuremath{\tau}$ helicity asymmetry can still deviate by as much as 80%.

B → D * τ ν ¯ τ sensitivity to new physics

Vector leptoquark resolution of R K and RD(⁎) puzzles

Present measurements of $b\ensuremath{\rightarrow}c\ensuremath{\tau}\ensuremath{\nu}$ and $b\ensuremath{\rightarrow}u\ensuremath{\tau}\ensuremath{\nu}$ transitions differ from the standard model predictions of lepton flavor universality by almost $4\ensuremath{\sigma}$. We examine new physics interpretations of this anomaly. An effective field theory analysis shows that minimal flavor violating models are not preferred as an explanation, but are also not yet excluded. Allowing for general flavor violation, right-right vector and right-left scalar quark currents are identified as viable candidates. We discuss explicit examples of two Higgs doublet models, leptoquarks as well as quark and lepton compositeness. Finally, implications for LHC searches and future measurements at the (super-)$B$ factories are presented.

Implications of lepton flavor universality violations in B decays.

We show that a model with a scalar leptoquark of hypercharge $Y=1/6$ which includes light right-handed neutrinos can successfully describe both of the $B$-physics anomalies, ${R}_{K}^{\mathrm{exp}}l{R}_{K}^{\mathrm{SM}}$ and ${R}_{D}^{\mathrm{exp}}g{R}_{D}^{\mathrm{SM}}$. We discuss the corresponding low energy effective theory and, after using the known experimental data as constraints, we show that the model is viable and that it offers several predictions which can be tested experimentally.

Svjetlana Fajfer

Papers

Physics of leptoquarks in precision experiments and at particle colliders

B → D * τ ν ¯ τ sensitivity to new physics

Vector leptoquark resolution of R K and RD(⁎) puzzles

Implications of lepton flavor universality violations in B decays.

Leptoquark model to explain the B -physics anomalies, R K and R D