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Principles Of Optics Electromagnetic Theory Of Propagation Interference And Diffraction Of Light

The diffraction tomography theorem is adapted to one-dimensional length measurement. The resulting spectral interferometry technique is described and the first length measurements using this technique on a model eye and on a human eye in vivo are presented.

Measurement of intraocular distances by backscattering spectral interferometry

Varifocal lenses, conventionally implemented by changing the axial distance between multiple optical elements, have a wide range of applications in imaging and optical beam scanning. The use of conventional bulky refractive elements makes these varifocal lenses large, slow, and limits their tunability. Metasurfaces, a new category of lithographically defined diffractive devices, enable thin and lightweight optical elements with precisely engineered phase profiles. Here we demonstrate tunable metasurface doublets, based on microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), with more than 60 diopters (about 4%) change in the optical power upon a 1-μm movement of one metasurface, and a scanning frequency that can potentially reach a few kHz. They can also be integrated with a third metasurface to make compact microscopes (~1 mm thick) with a large corrected field of view (~500 μm or 40 degrees) and fast axial scanning for 3D imaging. This paves the way towards MEMS-integrated metasurfaces as a platform for tunable and reconfigurable optics.

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MEMS-tunable dielectric metasurface lens.

We report a new type of phononic crystals with topologically nontrivial band gaps for both longitudinal and transverse polarizations, resulting in protected one-way elastic edge waves. In our design, gyroscopic inertial effects are used to break the time-reversal symmetry and realize the phononic analogue of the electronic quantum (anomalous) Hall effect. We investigate the response of both hexagonal and square gyroscopic lattices and observe bulk Chern numbers of 1 and 2, indicating that these structures support single and multimode edge elastic waves immune to backscattering. These robust one-way phononic waveguides could potentially lead to the design of a novel class of surface wave devices that are widely used in electronics, telecommunication, and acoustic imaging.

Topological Phononic Crystals with One-Way Elastic Edge Waves

Chip-scale atomic devices combine elements of precision atomic spectroscopy, silicon micromachining, and advanced diode laser technology to create compact, low-power, and manufacturable instruments with high precision and stability. Microfabricated alkali vapor cells are at the heart of most of these technologies, and the fabrication of these cells is discussed in detail. We review the design, fabrication, and performance of chip-scale atomic clocks, magnetometers, and gyroscopes and discuss many applications in which these novel instruments are being used. Finally, we present prospects for future generations of miniaturized devices, such as photonically integrated systems and manufacturable devices, which may enable embedded absolute measurement of a broad range of physical quantities.

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Chip-scale atomic devices

We present the design and the fabrication of a silicon X-Y microstage and a new concept of its integration with a glass microlens to obtain an optical 2D scanner for the miniaturized microscope on-chip.

Towards integration of glass microlens with silicon comb-drive X-Y microstage

In the paper the new concept of fully integrated scanning confocal optical microscope on-chip is proposed. The operation of this microscope combines the 3-D transmissive scanning of VCSEL laser beam by use of two MOEMS scanners, and active signal detection, based on the optical feedback in the VCSEL laser cavity. The silicon-based electrostatically driven scanners provide controlled movement of two convex microlenses, working as an objective lens of microscope. Glass microlenses are monolithically integrated on movable silicon tables of scanners. The first results of technological investigation on the microscope components are presented.

New generation of fully integrated optical microscopes on-chip: application to confocal microscope

This Letter reports on the fabrication of glass lens doublets arranged in arrays and realized at wafer level by means of micro-fabrication. The technique is based on the accurate vertical assembly of separately fabricated glass lens arrays. Since each one of these arrays is obtained by glass melting in silicon cavities, silicon is employed as a spacer in order to build a well-aligned and robust optical module. It is shown that optical performance achieved by the lens doublet is better than for a single lens of equivalent numerical aperture, thanks to lower optical aberrations. The technique has good potential to match the optical requirements of miniature imaging systems.

Wafer-level fabrication of multi-element glass lenses: lens doublet with improved optical performances.

Lab-on-chip quality classification of porcine/bovine oocytes

This contribution presents an overview of advances in scanning micromirrors based on MEMS (Micro-electro-mechanical systems) technologies to achieve beam scanning for OCT (Optical Coherence Tomography). The use of MEMS scanners for miniaturized OCT probes requires appropriate optical architectures. Their design involves a suitable actuation mechanism and an adapted imaging scheme in terms of achievable scan range, scan speed, low power consumption, and acceptable size of the OCT probe. The electrostatic, electromagnetic, and electrothermal actuation techniques are discussed here as well as the requirements that drive the design and fabrication of functional OCT probes. Each actuation mechanism is illustrated by examples of miniature OCT probes demonstrating the effectiveness of in vivo bioimaging. Finally, the design issues are discussed to permit users to select an OCT scanner that is adapted to their specific imaging needs.

Sylwester Bargiel

Papers

Towards integration of glass microlens with silicon comb-drive X-Y microstage

New generation of fully integrated optical microscopes on-chip: application to confocal microscope

Wafer-level fabrication of multi-element glass lenses: lens doublet with improved optical performances.

Lab-on-chip quality classification of porcine/bovine oocytes

MEMS Scanning Mirrors for Optical Coherence Tomography