「脆弱性(Vulnerability)」とは何か

In this chapter, you will see how the simplex method simplifies when it is applied to a class of optimization problems that are known as “network flow models.” You will also see that if a network flow model has “integer-valued data,” the simplex method finds an optimal solution that is integer-valued.

Flows in Networks

This paper explains the concept of infrastructure investing. It reviews its history, why it is of current interest, and what forms it takes. It details the benefits and risks of infrastructure investing and elaborates on the issues involved in making an investment. It focuses on private investments in infrastructure assets, primarily in developed western economies. It concludes with a recommendation that most long-term institutional investment portfolios could benefit from an allocation to infrastructure.

전기자동차 Infrastructure 개발 추이

Environmental justice in the context of urban green space availability, accessibility, and attractiveness in postsocialist cities

Floodplain ecosystems are biodiversity hotspots and supply multiple ecosystem services. At the same time they are often prone to human pressures that increasingly impact their intactness. Multifunctional floodplain management can be defined as a management approach aimed at a balanced supply of multiple ecosystem services that serve the needs of the local residents, but also those of off-site populations that are directly or indirectly impacted by floodplain management and policies. Multifunctional floodplain management has been recently proposed as a key concept to reconcile biodiversity and ecosystem services with the various human pressures and their driving forces. In this paper we present biophysics and management history of floodplains and review recent multifunctional management approaches and evidence for their biodiversity effects for the six European countries Ireland, the Netherlands, Germany, Slovakia, Hungary and the Ukraine. Multifunctional use of floodplains is an increasingly important strategy in some countries, for instance in the Netherlands and Hungary, and management of floodplains goes hand in hand with sustainable economic activities resulting in flood safety and biodiversity conservation. As a result, biodiversity is increasing in some of the areas where multifunctional floodplain management approaches are implemented. We conclude that for efficient use of management resources and ecosystem services, consensual solutions need to be realized and biodiversity needs to be mainstreamed into management activities to maximize ecosystem service provision and potential human benefits. Multifunctionality is more successful where a broad range of stakeholders with diverse expertise and interests are involved in all stages of planning and implementation.

Multifunctional floodplain management and biodiversity effects: a knowledge synthesis for six European countries

Each shipping line is expected to establish a reliable operating model, and the design of ship schedules is a key operational consideration. Long-term profits for shipping lines can be expected from a well-designed ship schedule. In today’s liner service design, managing the time factor is critical. Shipping schedules are prone to different unexpected disruptions. Such disruptions would necessitate a near-real-time analysis of port capacity and re-design of the original ship schedule to offset the negative externalities. Ship schedule recovery strategies should be implemented to mitigate the effects caused by disruptions at ports or at sea, which may include, but are not limited to, ship sailing speed adjustment, handling rate adjustment at ports, port skipping, and port skipping with container diversion. A proper selection of ship schedule recovery strategies is expected to minimize deviations from the original ship schedule and reduce delays in the delivery of cargoes to the destination ports. This article offers a thorough review of the current liner shipping research primarily focusing on two major themes: (1) uncertainties in liner shipping operations; and (2) ship schedule recovery in response to disruptive events. On the basis of a detailed review of the available literature, the obtained results are carefully investigated, and limitations in the current state-of-the-art are determined for every group of studies. Furthermore, representative mathematical models are provided that could be further used in future research efforts dealing with uncertainties in liner shipping and ship schedule recovery. Last but not least, a few prospective research avenues are suggested for further investigation.

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Uncertainties in Liner Shipping and Ship Schedule Recovery: A State-of-the-Art Review

Optimisation patterns for the process of a planned evacuation in the event of a flood

The main purpose of the article was to determine how vulnerable the accessibility to grocery shops is in the event of non-typical occurrences (floods) which impact the regular functioning of the road transport system. In order to accomplish this goal, a number of research methods were applied, including techniques for the identification of closures within the road network, the determination of the catchment area, and modelling the distribution of traffic flows. The proposed methods can be applied in modelling and simulating traffic both in regular conditions and in the event of a non-typical occurrence as the study involved integrated methods of combined probability theory of spatial integration and the determination of the catchment market area, the application of which would not be possible without access to and availability of a wide spectrum of sources. The study showed that non-typical events have a statistically noticeable impact on accessibility to grocery products.

Vulnerability of the accessibility to grocery shopping in the event of flooding

e aim of the article is to assess the intensity and directions of land cover changes in Poland between 1990 and 2012. To achieve this goal, the authors used data from databases such as the CORINE Land Cover (CLC). 'e changes were analyzed for the first level of data and then presented in the matrix form both as absolute values (ha) and as percentages referring to the total aggregate land surface subject to land cover changes in this period. At the following stage of the analysis attention shi2ed solely to those fluctuations which referred to artificial surfaces in relation to the municipality or the cadastral unit. Subsequently, a spatial autocorrelation of land cover changes in municipalities in Poland was defined. key words land cover changes – Poland – CORINE – GIS borowska-stefańska, m., leśniewska-napierała, k., wiśniewski, s. (2018): Land cover changes in Poland between 1990 and 2012. Geografie, 123, 1, 63–83. Received June 2017, accepted January 2018. © Česká geografická společnost, z. s., 2018 64 geografie 123/1 (2018) / borowska-stefańska, leśniewska-napierała, wiśniewski

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Land cover changes in Poland between 1990 and 2012

Abstract The impact of statutory Sunday retail restrictions on the transport behaviours of people living in the Polish post-socialist city of Lodz is investigated in this article. One carrier of information on journeys undertaken in the city is data from induction loops – a part of the city’s Intelligent Transportation System (ITS). The second source of data is a two-stage questionnaire survey (concerning trading and non-trading Sundays) of the city’s inhabitants, aimed at defining any changes in their transport behaviours with reference to the introduction of retail restrictions. The research was conducted to assess the way in which the new statutory restrictions affect transport behaviour discharged after the political transformation. The results of the research conducted on the transport behaviours of Lodz residents indicate that the majority of their transport behaviours clearly depend on whether a given Sunday is a trading or non-trading day. The traffic load of the urban road network (perceived as the manifestation of residents’ spatial mobility) is characterised by a distinct changeability due to the legislative restrictions related to Sunday trading. There is both a time (daily and hourly) differentiation of traffic flows and a spatial changeability of the load in the urban space, when a comparative analysis is conducted of the results of observations made in the weeks preceding trading and non-trading Sundays. The study also demonstrates that the time previously devoted to Sunday shopping is currently spent not only at home, but also allocated to new (and until now unperformed) activities that often require travelling.

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Changes in urban transport behaviours and spatial mobility resulting from the introduction of statutory Sunday retail restrictions: A case study of Lodz, Poland

Szymon Wiśniewski

Papers

Uncertainties in Liner Shipping and Ship Schedule Recovery: A State-of-the-Art Review

Optimisation patterns for the process of a planned evacuation in the event of a flood

Vulnerability of the accessibility to grocery shopping in the event of flooding

Land cover changes in Poland between 1990 and 2012

Changes in urban transport behaviours and spatial mobility resulting from the introduction of statutory Sunday retail restrictions: A case study of Lodz, Poland