Preface 1.General Considerations 2.Basic Processes in Atomization 3.Drop Size Distributions of Sprays 4.Atomizers 5.Flow in Atomizers 6.Atomizer Performance 7.External Spray Charcteristics 8.Drop Evaporation 9.Drop Sizing Methods Index

Atomization and Sprays

Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. Editorial.

Combined effect of influence of nano additives, combustion chamber geometry and injection timing in a DI diesel engine fuelled with ternary (diesel-biodiesel-ethanol) blends

A technique is described that measures the instantaneous three-dimensional temperature distribution in water using two-color laser-induced fluorescence (LIF). Two fluorescent dyes, Rhodamine B and Rhodamine 110, are used as temperature indicators. A laser light sheet scanned across the entire measurement volume excites the fluorescent dye, and an optical system involving a color beam splitter gives the intensity distribution of the individual fluorescent dyes on two separate monochrome CCD cameras. The ratio of these fluorescence intensities at each point of the image is calibrated against the temperature to eliminate the effect of the fluctuation of illuminating light intensity. A stable thermally stratified layer was measured by this system to evaluate the total accuracy of the measurement system. The random error of the measurement was ±1.4 K with 95% confidence. Measurements of thermal convection over a heated horizontal surface show temperature iso-surfaces having typical structures such as plumes, ridges and thermals.

Whole Field Measurement of Temperature in Water Using Two-Color Laser Induced Fluorescence

IT is not often that a reissue of the collected papers of an outstanding scientific man has been called for. Some of the papers cannot fail to have historical value because of the part which their original publication played in the development of science; but that value alone would not be sufficient to secure the demand. The work involved must be of present-day importance. Therefore its consequences must still be in process of development; and it follows that if, as in the present case, the republication follows the first publication after an interval of half a century, the main papers involved must have been of very epoch-making type. The condition of present value is a sufficient test; but the most essential condition is that of permanent value. Present value persisting after the lapse of fifty years suggests permanence, and at least points to some enduring quality—the direct impress of the distinctive personality of the man. The Scientific Papers of James Clerk Maxwell. Edited By W. D. Niven. (Photographic Reprint by arrangement with the Cambridge University Press.) Vol. 1. Pp. xxxii + 607. Vol. 2. Pp. viii + 806. (Paris: J. Hermann, 1927.) 3 livres 6.

The Scientific Papers of James Clerk Maxwell

In the present study, a detailed visualization of the transport of fuel film has been performed in a small carburetted engine with a transparent manifold at the exit of the carburettor. The presence of fuel film is observed significantly on the lower half of the manifold at idling, while at load conditions, the film is found to be distributed all throughout the manifold walls. Quantitative measurement of the fuel film in a specially-designed manifold of square cross section has also been performed using the planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) technique. The measured fuel film thickness is observed to be of the order of 1 nun at idling, and in the range of 0.1 to 0.4 mm over the range of load and speed studied. These engine studies are complemented by experiments conducted in a carburettor rig to study the state of the fuel exiting the carburettor. Laser-based Particle/Droplet Image Analysis (PDIA) technique is used to identify fuel droplets and ligaments and estimate droplet diameters. At a throttle position corresponding to idling, the fuel exiting the carburettor is found to consist of very fine droplets of size less than 15 mu m and large fuel ligaments associated with length scales of the order of 500 mu m and higher. For a constant pressure difference across the carburettor, the fuel consists of droplets with an SMD of the order of 30 mu m. Also, the effect of liquid fuel film on the cold start HC emissions is studied. Based on the understanding obtained from these studies, strategies such as manifold heating and varying carburettor main jet nozzle diameter are implemented. These are observed to reduce emissions under both idling and varying load conditions.

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Study of liquid fuel transport in a small carburetted engine in the context of cold-start HC emission control

Droplet deformation during secondary breakup: role of liquid properties

The particle/droplet image analysis (PDIA) technique is often used for droplet sizing in sprays. Successful use of PDIA for drop size measurement in sprays mandates careful calibration, and determination of the depth of field (DOF) for particles of different size classes. This is typically done with a calibration target that has circles etched on it. In the present study, a calibration experiment was performed with a calibration target as well as droplets, to evaluate the uncertainties in the measured sizes and also to compare the measured depth of field (DOF) values. A continuous-jet droplet generator was used to produce mono-disperse droplets of sizes ranging from 54-393 µm, and the calibration glass plate used contained circles of sizes ranging from 20-400 µm. Images of these were captured using a CCD camera equipped with a long-distance microscope and were processed using a code written in MATLAB. Differences in the measured sizes of droplets and circles, and their depth of field values are reported. It was observed that the use of the calibration target led to an underestimation of the error in droplet size measurements, and an overestimation of the depth of field. For the droplets, the measurement error was observed to be less than 5%, with the parameters chosen.

T.N.C. Anand

Papers

Study of liquid fuel transport in a small carburetted engine in the context of cold-start HC emission control

Droplet deformation during secondary breakup: role of liquid properties

Estimation of measurement error and depth of field in PDIA experiments: a comparative study using water droplets and a calibration target

Fueling an Engine by Ultrasonic Atomization, and Its Control

Numerical study of molten metal flow through the melt delivery tube during gas-atomization