Environmental fate of alkylphenols and alkylphenol ethoxylates--a review

Organotin compounds are ubiquitous contaminants in the environment. The high biological activity of some compounds toward aquatic organisms lead to deleterious impacts in aquatic ecosystems. Here, the aquatic ecotoxicology of organotins is reviewed based on a multidisciplinary approach involving environmental chemical, toxicological, and ecological aspects. Basic results were obtained both with field and laboratory studies, and some of the most important recent results and conclusions are critically reviewed. The contamination of and fate in aquatic systems is reported and linked with effects at different levels of biological organization. Major emphasis is placed on the development of a concept of ecotoxicology that encompasses not only effect assessment alone, but also integrates environmental chemistry with aquatic toxicology. Thereby, the influence of speciation for bioavailability, basic modes of toxic action, and aquatic toxicity are discussed. This case study on organotins allows to a certain extent generalizations to ecotoxicology in general.

Ecotoxicology of organotin compounds.

Organotin compounds in the environment — an overview

http://www.beamreach.org/data/101/Science/processing/Nora/Papers/Fate,%20behavior%20and%20effects%20of%20surfactants%20and%20their%20degradation%20products%20in%20the%20environment.pdf

Fate, behavior and effects of surfactants and their degradation products in the environment

https://web.iitd.ac.in/~arunku/files/CVL722_Y15/Surface%20chemistry%20of%20ferrihydrite_Fuller.pdf

Surface chemistry of ferrihydrite: Part 2. Kinetics of arsenate adsorption and coprecipitation

4-Nonylphenols and 4-tert-octylphenol in water and fish from rivers flowing into Lake Biwa.

Daily intakes of selected metals from meals in Shiga Prefecture (Japan) were investigated by the duplicate portion method and market basket method. In 1991 and 1992, daily intakes of metals by women, determined by the duplicate portion method, were, respectively, 37 and 27 micrograms for Cd, 4.3 and 3.5 micrograms for Hg, 260 and 210 micrograms for As, 1200 and 1200 micrograms for Cu, 4700 and 3600 micrograms for Mn, and 8000 and 7200 micrograms for Zn. Those determined by the market basket method were, respectively, 32 and 35 micrograms for Cd, 4.3 and 9.9 micrograms for Hg, 160 and 280 micrograms for As, 1100 and 980 micrograms for Cu, 3600 and 4700 micrograms for Mn, and 8700 and 8500 micrograms for Zn. No wide differences between the 2 methods were found, except for Hg data in 1992. Daily intakes of Cd and Hg in Shiga Prefecture were lower than the provisional tolerable daily intakes of 57-72 micrograms for Cd and 43 micrograms for Hg, proposed by the Food and Agricultural Organization and the World Health Organization.

Market basket and duplicate portion estimation of dietary intakes of cadmium, mercury, arsenic, copper, manganese, and zinc by Japanese adults.

Acute toxicity, accumulation and excretion of organophosphorous insecticides and their oxidation products in killifish.

Determination of 4-nonylphenol, nonylphenol monoethoxylate, nonylphenol diethoxylate and other alkylphenols in fish and shellfish by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection.

Daily intakes of tributyltin (TBT) and triphenyltin (TPT) compounds from meals in Shiga Prefecture, Japan, were investigated by 2 methods. Daily intakes of TBT and TPT by the duplicate portion method were, respectively, 4.7 and 0.7 microgram in 1991 and 2.2 and 0.7 microgram in 1992. Those by the market basket method were, respectively, 6.9 and 5.4 micrograms in 1991 and 6.7 and 1.3 micrograms in 1992. Daily intakes of TBT and TPT by the market basket method were higher than those by the duplicate portion method. These values were considerably lower than acceptable daily intakes of 80 micrograms/50 kg body weight specified by the Welfare Ministry of Japan for bis(tri-n-butyltin)oxide and of 25 micrograms/50 kg body weight specified by the Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization for TPT.

Taizo Tsuda

Papers

4-Nonylphenols and 4-tert-octylphenol in water and fish from rivers flowing into Lake Biwa.

Market basket and duplicate portion estimation of dietary intakes of cadmium, mercury, arsenic, copper, manganese, and zinc by Japanese adults.

Acute toxicity, accumulation and excretion of organophosphorous insecticides and their oxidation products in killifish.

Determination of 4-nonylphenol, nonylphenol monoethoxylate, nonylphenol diethoxylate and other alkylphenols in fish and shellfish by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection.

Daily intakes of tributyltin and triphenyltin compounds from meals.