There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.

Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …

I and i

THE DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTS. By Oscar Kempthorne. New York, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1952. 631 pp. $8.50. This book by a teacher of statistics (as well as a consultant for \"experimenters\") is a comprehensive study of the philosophical background for the statistical design of experiment. It is necessary to have some facility with algebraic notation and manipulation to be able to use the volume intelligently. The problems are presented from the theoretical point of view, without such practical examples as would be helpful for those not acquainted with mathematics. The mathematical justification for the techniques is given. As a somewhat advanced treatment of the design and analysis of experiments, this volume will be interesting and helpful for many who approach statistics theoretically as well as practically. With emphasis on the \"why,\" and with description given broadly, the author relates the subject matter to the general theory of statistics and to the general problem of experimental inference. MARGARET J. ROBERTSON

The Design and Analysis of Experiments

Probability Distributions.- Linear Models for Regression.- Linear Models for Classification.- Neural Networks.- Kernel Methods.- Sparse Kernel Machines.- Graphical Models.- Mixture Models and EM.- Approximate Inference.- Sampling Methods.- Continuous Latent Variables.- Sequential Data.- Combining Models.

Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning

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Principles Of Fluorescence Spectroscopy

In this chapter, we will restrict our attention to the ferrites and a few other closely related materials. The great interest in ferrites stems from their unique combination of a spontaneous magnetization and a high electrical resistivity. The observed magnetization results from the difference in the magnetizations of two non-equivalent sub-lattices of the magnetic ions in the crystal structure. Materials of this type should strictly be designated as “ferrimagnetic” and in some respects are more closely related to anti-ferromagnetic substances than they are to ferromagnetics in which the magnetization results from the parallel alignment of all the magnetic moments present. We shall not adhere to this special nomenclature except to emphasize effects, which are due to the existence of the sub-lattices.

Ferromagnetic materials

The influence of treatment temperature on the acidity of MWCNT oxidized by HNO3 or a mixture of HNO3/H2SO4

Nanocomposites of silica incorporated with carbon nanotubes (silica/CNT) and activated carbon (silica/AC) were synthesized and characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), element mapping, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Silica/CNT and silica/AC were investigated for efficient removal of mercury ions from aqueous solutions. The adsorbents have been analyzed on the basis of adsorption capacity, reusability, and their application in packed columns. The effects of experimental parameters, like pH, contact time and initial concentrations on the adsorption of mercury ions, were optimized. The kinetic data for the adsorption process obeyed a pseudo-second-order kinetic model with R2 of 0.999. Fitting the data to an intraparticle diffusion model indicated that surface adsorption and intraparticle diffusion were concurrently operating. In addition, this study used the Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin isotherms to describe the behaviour of equilibrium adsorption. The equilibrium adsorption of the studied mercury ions is best fitted using the Freundlich isotherm, with silica/CNT of higher capacity than silica/AC. The silica/CNT showed better performance than silica/AC indicating silica/CNT has better efficiency.

Mercury sorption by silica/carbon nanotubes and silica/activated carbon: a comparison study

Because of the continuous production of large amount of waste tires, the disposal of waste tires represents a major environmental issue throughout the world. This paper reports the utilization of waste tires (hard-to-dispose waste) as a precursor in the production of activated carbons (pollution-cleaning adsorbent). In the preparation of activated carbon (AC), waste rubber tire (WRT) was thermally treated and activated. The tire-derived activated carbon was characterized by means of scanning electron microscope, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, FTIR spectrophotometer, and X-ray diffraction. In the IR spectrum, a number of bands centred at about 3409, 2350, 1710, 1650, and 1300–1000 cm−1 prove the present of hydroxyl and carboxyl groups on the surface of AC in addition to C═C double bonds. The developed AC was tested and evaluated as potential adsorbent removal of chromium (III). Experimental parameters, such as contact time, initial concentration, adsorbent dosage and pH were optimized. A rapid uptake of chromium ions was observed and the equilibrium is achieved in 1 h. It was also found that the adsorption process is pH dependent. This work adds to the global discussion of the cost-effective utilization of waste rubber tires for waste water treatment.

Chromium removal from water by activated carbon developed from waste rubber tires

It is well known that arsenite [As(III)] is less effectively removed than arsenate [As(V)] by most treatment technologies Thus, pre-oxidation of As(III) to As(V) is required prior to adsorption Here, the oxidation properties of manganese oxides with adsorption features of multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) have been combined in a composite of MWCNT/MnO2 The composite was characterized by Fourier transform infrared absorption spectroscopy (FTIR), field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) In batch culture experiments, MWCNTs and the MWCNT/MnO2 composite were examined for As(III) and As(V) The results reveal that MnO2 in the composite plays a key role in enhancing As(III) removal and As(III) removal is not as effective as As(V) removal for MWCNTs The retention of arsenite and arsenate is slightly pH dependent The reported composite can be regenerated as it was confirmed by SEM and EDX analysis The study could be considered as a model of preparation and investigation of a multifunctional material that can be used in wastewater treatment for removal of arsenic

Synthesis of MWCNT/MnO2 and their application for simultaneous oxidation of arsenite and sorption of arsenate

Water pollution caused by numerous pollutants has become one of the critical problems globally. Different technologies and materials are used for the treatment of wastewater. There is a need for protocols and procedures that act as guidelines for researchers to develop and evaluate new adsorbent materials for wastewater treatment. This review takes a step toward developing organized protocols and procedures for the synthesis of nanomaterials, polymers, and green materials as adsorbents used for water purification. In the present review, protocols, and procedures for the synthesis of adsorbents, such as nanomaterials, waste-derived materials, and polymers are proposed Furthermore, protocols for evaluating these materials for water treatment are provided. The reported protocols and procedures will provide guidelines for researchers and industrial workers to develop and evaluate new materials for water treatment.

Tawfik A. Saleh

Papers

The influence of treatment temperature on the acidity of MWCNT oxidized by HNO3 or a mixture of HNO3/H2SO4

Mercury sorption by silica/carbon nanotubes and silica/activated carbon: a comparison study

Chromium removal from water by activated carbon developed from waste rubber tires

Synthesis of MWCNT/MnO2 and their application for simultaneous oxidation of arsenite and sorption of arsenate

Protocols for synthesis of nanomaterials, polymers, and green materials as adsorbents for water treatment technologies