PERSPECTIVES AND SUMMARY 1006 INTRODUCTION 1007 PROLINE 1008 Proline Biosynthesis: The Glutamate Pathway 1008 Proline Biosynthesis: The Om Pathway 1015 Proline Degradation: The P5C Pathway 1018 Proline Degradation: Reguiation 1020 Proline Degradation: Other Pathways 1023 4-HYDROXYPROLlNE 1024 Natural Occurrence 1024 Metabolism General Features 1025 Catabolism of Free 4-Hyp 1034 3-HYDROXYPROLINE 1041 Metabolism 1042 3,4-DIHYDROXYPROLINE 1044

Metabolism of Proline and the Hydroxyprolines

Simple indole alkaloids and those with a nonrearranged monoterpenoid unit

(1) A brief method for the characterization of carboxyl-terminal amino acids in peptides and proteins was investigated. (2) Several new amino acid hydrazides were synthesized. (3) Soveral di- and tri-peptides were hydrazinolyzed and identified their carboxylterminal amino acid. (4) The method was applied to beef insulin and tyrocidin for the demonstration of its applicability.

On the Hydrazinolysis of Proteins and Peptides: A Method for the Characterization of Carboxyl-terminal Amino Acids in Proteins

Psilocybin and related hallucinogenic compounds are increasingly used in human research. However, due to limited information about potential subjective side effects, the controlled medical use of these compounds has remained controversial. We therefore analysed acute, short- and long-term subjective effects of psilocybin in healthy humans by pooling raw data from eight double-blind placebo-controlled experimental studies conducted between 1999 and 2008. The analysis included 110 healthy subjects who had received 1-4 oral doses of psilocybin (45-315 µg/kg body weight). Although psilocybin dose-dependently induced profound changes in mood, perception, thought and self-experience, most subjects described the experience as pleasurable, enriching and non-threatening. Acute adverse drug reactions, characterized by strong dysphoria and/or anxiety/panic, occurred only in the two highest dose conditions in a relatively small proportion of subjects. All acute adverse drug reactions were successfully managed by providing interpersonal support and did not need psychopharmacological intervention. Follow-up questionnaires indicated no subsequent drug abuse, persisting perception disorders, prolonged psychosis or other long-term impairment of functioning in any of our subjects. The results suggest that the administration of moderate doses of psilocybin to healthy, high-functioning and well-prepared subjects in the context of a carefully monitored research environment is associated with an acceptable level of risk.

http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0269881110382466

Acute, subacute and long-term subjective effects of psilocybin in healthy humans: a pooled analysis of experimental studies.

Psilocybin (4-phosphoryloxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine) is the major psychoactive alkaloid of some species of mushrooms distributed worldwide. These mushrooms represent a growing problem regarding hallucinogenic drug abuse. Despite its experimental medical use in the 1960s, only very few pharmacological data about psilocybin were known until recently. Because of its still growing capacity for abuse and the widely dispersed data this review presents all the available pharmacological data about psilocybin.

/pdf/the-pharmacology-of-psilocybin-28gzi2cfsg.pdf

The pharmacology of psilocybin

The psychotropically active principles of the Mexican hallucinogenic fungus Psilocybe maxicana HEIM have been isolated and obtained in crystalline form. The two new substances, which have been called psilocybin and psilocin, are present in the fruit bodies, the artificially cultivated mycelium and in the sclerotia. The dried mushroom contains 0.2 to 0.4 per cent psilocybin. Psilocin is present, at the most, in trace amounts only.

Psilocybin und Psilocin, zwei psychotrope Wirkstoffe aus mexikanischen Rauschpilzen

Durch die Reduktion der Mutterkornalkaloide vom Ergotamin- und Ergotoxin-Typus mit LiAlH4 sind 3 Arten von wohldefinierten Reduktionsprodukten erhalten worden, wie sie in den Formeln IV, V und VI wiedergegeben sind. Ihre Konstitution und Konfiguration ist durch Synthese bewiesen worden.

Die Konstitution der Mutterkornalkaloide. Struktur des Peptidteils. III. 24. Mitteilung über Mutterkornalkaloide

Über Steroide und Sexualhormone. (94. Mitteilung). Einführung einer Hydroxyl‐Gruppe in Stellung 5 des Sterinskeletts durch Hydrierung von 5, 6‐ bzw. 4, 5‐Oxido‐Verbindungen

Auf Grund der chemischen und physikalisch-chemischen Eigenschaften werden fur die vier isomeren Dihydro-lysergsauren und die entsprechenden Dihydro-nor-lysergsauren Konfigurations- und Konformationsformeln angegeben. In der Dihydro-lysergsaure(I) und in der Dihydro-isolysergsaure(I) sind die Ringe C und D trans-, in der Dihydro-lysergsaure(II) und in der Dihydro-isolysergsaure(II) cisverknupft. Den Dihydro-lysergsauren(I) und (II) kommt die 5,8-cis-, den Dihydro-isolysergsauren(I) und (II) die 5,8-trans-Konfiguration zu, wobei die Carboxylgruppe in der Dihydro-lysergsaure(I) und in der Dihydro-isolysergsaure(II) aquatoriale, in der Dihydro-lysergsaure(II) und in der Dihydro-isolysergsaure(I) axiale Lage einnimmt.

Th. Petrzilka

Papers

Psilocybin und Psilocin, zwei psychotrope Wirkstoffe aus mexikanischen Rauschpilzen

Die Konstitution der Mutterkornalkaloide. Struktur des Peptidteils. III. 24. Mitteilung über Mutterkornalkaloide

Über Steroide und Sexualhormone. (94. Mitteilung). Einführung einer Hydroxyl‐Gruppe in Stellung 5 des Sterinskeletts durch Hydrierung von 5, 6‐ bzw. 4, 5‐Oxido‐Verbindungen

Über die Stereochemie der Lysergsäuren und der Dihydro-lysergsäuren. 37. Mitteilung über Mutterkornalkaloide

Die Dihydroderivate der rechtsdrehenden Mutterkornalkaloide (11. Mitteilung über Mutterkornalkaloide)