In this critical review, metal oxides-based materials for electrochemical supercapacitor (ES) electrodes are reviewed in detail together with a brief review of carbon materials and conducting polymers. Their advantages, disadvantages, and performance in ES electrodes are discussed through extensive analysis of the literature, and new trends in material development are also reviewed. Two important future research directions are indicated and summarized, based on results published in the literature: the development of composite and nanostructured ES materials to overcome the major challenge posed by the low energy density of ES (476 references).

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A review of electrode materials for electrochemical supercapacitors

[Liu, Chang; Li, Feng; Ma, Lai-Peng; Cheng, Hui-Ming] Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Met Res, Shenyang Natl Lab Mat Sci, Shenyang 110016, Peoples R China.;Cheng, HM (reprint author), Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Met Res, Shenyang Natl Lab Mat Sci, 72 Wenhua Rd, Shenyang 110016, Peoples R China;cheng@imr.ac.cn

Advanced Materials for Energy Storage

The is a comprehensive review on the needs and potential storage technologies for electrical grid that is expected to integrate significant levels of renewables. This review offers details of the technologies, in terms of needs, status, challenges and future R&d directions.

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Electrochemical Energy Storage for Green Grid

Overview of current development in electrical energy storage technologies and the application potential in power system operation

Room-temperature stationary sodium-ion batteries have attracted great attention particularly in large-scale electric energy storage applications for renewable energy and smart grid because of the huge abundant sodium resources and low cost. In this article, a variety of electrode materials including cathodes and anodes as well as electrolytes for room-temperature stationary sodium-ion batteries are briefly reviewed. We compare the difference in storage behavior between Na and Li in their analogous electrodes and summarize the sodium storage mechanisms in the available electrode materials. This review also includes some new results from our group and our thoughts on developing new materials. Some perspectives and directions on designing better materials for practical applications are pointed out based on knowledge from the literature and our experience. Through this extensive literature review, the search for suitable electrode and electrolyte materials for stationary sodium-ion batteries is still challenging. However, after intensive research efforts, we believe that low-cost, long-life and room-temperature sodium-ion batteries would be promising for applications in large-scale energy storage system in the near future.

Room-temperature stationary sodium-ion batteries for large-scale electric energy storage

Electrical energy storage technologies for stationary applications are reviewed. Particular attention is paid to pumped hydroelectric storage, compressed air energy storage, battery, flow battery, fuel cell, solar fuel, superconducting magnetic energy storage, flywheel, capacitor/supercapacitor, and thermal energy storage. Comparison is made among these technologies in terms of technical characteristics, applications and deployment status.

http://promexico.me/Rubenius/WhitePapers/sdarticle%20(1).pdf

Progress in electrical energy storage system: A critical review

Heat transfer of gas–solid two-phase mixtures flowing through a packed bed under constant wall heat flux conditions

Heat transfer of gas–solid two-phase mixtures flowing through a packed bed

This paper deals with flows of a gas-solid two-phase mixture through a confined packed bed. Both experimental work and numerical modelling are performed on the behaviour of suspended particles within the packed bed. The experimental work is carried out with a non-intrusive Positron Emission Particle Tracking (PEPT) technique, which tracks particle motion at the single particle level for a prolonged period thus allows both the microscopic and macroscopic solids behaviour to be analysed under the steady-state conditions. A continuous based model is used to simulate the flow behaviour. The model uses a newly proposed porosity model and treats the suspended and packed particles as a binary mixture with the packed particles being at zero velocity. The results show that the model captures the main features of solids behaviour in terms of the radial distributions of the suspended particle concentration and the axial solids velocity. Both the experiments and modelling suggest that the wall effect on the motion of suspended particles be limited to a small region close to the wall (∼0.5–1 packed particle diameter). However, deviations exist between the model predictions and experiments; more work is therefore proposed to improve the interaction terms in the model between the suspended and packed particles.

Gas‐solid Two‐phase Mixtures Flowing Upward through a Confined Packed Bed

Gas fluidization of fine particles in confined packed beds is numerically simulated by using the continuum-based two-fluid model. The body-fitted coordination is employed to treat the irregular geometry in the computational domain. Simulations are performed on both the bubbling regime in a partially packed bed and the pneumatic conveying regime in a fully packed bed. The modeling results are compared with experimental results by Donsi et al.(1) for the confined bubbling fluidization and confined conveying by Ding et al. (2) and reasonably good agreement has been achieved. INTRODUCTION Confined gas fluidisation refers to cases where interactions between fluidised particles and confining bodies are important in comparison with particle-particle and gas-particle interactions. Similarly confined pneumatic conveying refers to cases where interactions between conveyed solids particles and confining bodies are important. The confining bodies can be walls, inserts, and packing structures etc. (3, 4). Industrial examples of confined fluidisation and pneumatic conveying include blast furnaces for ironmaking where pulverised coal is injected into tuyeres for saving coke, filtration and waste heat recovery of flue gases, and circulating fluidised beds for power generation from coal, biomass and/or solids wastes. (5). Ding et al. investigated experimentally the dilute pneumatic conveying of fine particles through packed beds. They found that the measured pressure drop of gassolid two-phase mixtures flowing through packed beds agreed well with predictions by a modified version of the Ergun equation (6). Extensive work has also been done by the same group on the solids motion to study interactions between the suspended and packed particles (2). Suspended particles were found to distribute non-uniformly across the packed beds with particles spending more time in the wall region. Axial particle velocity was shown to change periodically with the radial position and the periodicity did not coincide exactly with the packed particle diameter (2). Despite of the considerable efforts, they are not systematic and expensive to execute. In some cases, the experimental observations are difficult to explain. As a consequence, numerical simulation work was initiated aiming at resolving these issues. The initial modeling shows that the predicted pressure drop and solids hold-up in the pneumatic regime agree well with the experimental results (7). This work is the 1 He et al.: Gas Fluidization and Pneumatic Conveying in Confined Beds Published by ECI Digital Archives, 2007

/pdf/gas-fluidization-and-pneumatic-conveying-in-confined-beds-a-11vcmxn8ai.pdf

Thang Ngoc Cong

Papers

Progress in electrical energy storage system: A critical review

Heat transfer of gas–solid two-phase mixtures flowing through a packed bed under constant wall heat flux conditions

Heat transfer of gas–solid two-phase mixtures flowing through a packed bed

Gas‐solid Two‐phase Mixtures Flowing Upward through a Confined Packed Bed

Gas Fluidization and Pneumatic Conveying in Confined Beds: A Numerical Study