Preface to the Princeton Landmarks in Biology Edition vii Preface xi Symbols Used xiii 1. The Importance of Islands 3 2. Area and Number of Speicies 8 3. Further Explanations of the Area-Diversity Pattern 19 4. The Strategy of Colonization 68 5. Invasibility and the Variable Niche 94 6. Stepping Stones and Biotic Exchange 123 7. Evolutionary Changes Following Colonization 145 8. Prospect 181 Glossary 185 References 193 Index 201

The Theory of Island Biogeography

Statistics for Spatial Data.

https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00457602/document

A global overview of drought and heat-induced tree mortality reveals emerging climate change risks for forests

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Modern Applied Statistics With S

The terrestrial carbon sink has been large in recent decades, but its size and location remain uncertain. Using forest inventory data and long-term ecosystem carbon studies, we estimate a total forest sink of 2.4 ± 0.4 petagrams of carbon per year (Pg C year–1) globally for 1990 to 2007. We also estimate a source of 1.3 ± 0.7 Pg C year–1 from tropical land-use change, consisting of a gross tropical deforestation emission of 2.9 ± 0.5 Pg C year–1 partially compensated by a carbon sink in tropical forest regrowth of 1.6 ± 0.5 Pg C year–1. Together, the fluxes comprise a net global forest sink of 1.1 ± 0.8 Pg C year–1, with tropical estimates having the largest uncertainties. Our total forest sink estimate is equivalent in magnitude to the terrestrial sink deduced from fossil fuel emissions and land-use change sources minus ocean and atmospheric sinks.

/pdf/a-large-and-persistent-carbon-sink-in-the-world-s-forests-2rgrfjaqnh.pdf

A Large and Persistent Carbon Sink in the World’s Forests

This paper reviews gap formation and dieback processes in Nothofagus forests of Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego, Argentina and Chile between 40° S and 55° S. Stand history, site factors (e.g., soil depth), and the wind disturbance regime strongly influence the spatial and temporal formation of gaps. We demonstrate that for Nothofagus species, gaps may occur on fine spatial scales, where each gap involves only one or a few treefalls in a matrix of closed forest (e.g., old-growth N. pumilio in deeper soils), or coarser scales, where blowdowns may affect many hectares (e.g., N. pumilio on very shallow soils). Temporally, gap formation in Nothofagus may be synchronized throughout the stand, as in the canopy dieback of even-aged stands, or formation may be more continuous or episodic in all-aged stands subjected to periodic windstorms

Gap formation and dieback in Fuego-Patagonian Nothofagus forests

The term “landscape structure” refers to the configuration of vegetation and other land features over a large land area (usually an extent of many square kilometers). A landscape can be regarded as a mosaic composed of patches of different kinds— for example, different forest types, landforms, or human-built structures such as roads. The scientific discipline of landscape ecology is concerned with quantitatively describing the features of landscape mosaics, including, for example, the variety of patch types, the sizes and shapes of patches, and how different patch types are juxtaposed (Forman 1995). Landscape ecology also is concerned with understanding how the structure of a landscape influences its function – for example, what kind of habitat it provides for various plant and animal species, or how water and nutrients or pollutants move from place to place (Turner and others 2001). Another critical aspect of landscape structure is how it influences the spread of disturbances – including fire. We address this question about historical and recent landscape structure in the area burned by the Hayman Fire in two parts. First, to put the Hayman Fire of 2002 into context, we characterize the historical range of variability (HRV – see the part 1 in this chapter) in landscape structure of the major forest zones of the Colorado Front Range, and compare these reference conditions with current landscape structure. This comparison of current to reference conditions permits an assessment of the magnitude, causes, and significance of changes that have occurred in the last century, and identifies generally where in the Front Range the changes have been great or small. We then focus on the Hayman area itself, to identify the nature, magnitude, and significance of 20 century landscape changes within the area where the 2002 fire occurred. We begin with a general assessment of the Front Range as a whole before treating the Hayman area in detail for two reasons: first, the general overview provides a context for understanding the unique features of the Hayman landscape, and second, future Front Range fires are likely to occur in other forest zones that are not well represented in the Hayman area per se. Historical Range of Variability and 20th Century Changes in Landscape Structure of the Colorado Front Range

https://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs/rmrs_gtr114/rmrs_gtr114_196_203.pdf

Ecological effects of the Hayman Fire - Part 2: Historical (pre-1860) and current (1860-2002) forest and landscape structure

Distribution and state of conservation of alerce (Fitzroya cupressoides (Mol.) Johnst.) in Argentina.

Although natural disturbances play important roles in the regeneration of the common Nothofagus species of the Chilean Lake District (N dombeyi, N. obliqua, N. alpina, and N. pumilio), significant differences exist among these species in regard to regeneration patterns For each species, modes of regeneration are interpreted from the evidence of population age structure, tree spatial patterns, and other attributes of stand structure. Differences in modes of regeneration are discussed in relation to differences in the ecophysiological characteristics of the Nothofagus spp. and variation in the role of competition from associated tree species and bamboos. For the Nothofagus species ocurring at low to mid-elevations, abundant regeneration is dependent on largescale disturbances such as volcanic ash deposition, landslides, fire, and windstorms which devastate entire stands. In contrast, N. pumilio regenerates abundantly following both largescale disturbances and small-scale disturbance in the form of individual treefalls. The need for quantifying the disturbance regimes of the habitats in wich these species occur is emphasized.

Alteración natural y dinámica regenerativa de las especies chilenas de Nothofagus de la Región de Los Lagos

Ecological disturbances triggered by earthquakes and volcanic eruptions are of fundamental importance in structuring the temperate forests of southwestern South America and New Zealand. We review studies of the ecological effects of these tectonic phenomena and how they have been central to progress in the modern development of forest ecology in both regions. Studies of tectonic influences on the dynamics of southern temperate rainforests of Chile and New Zealand published in the 1970s and early 1980s contributed prominently to the shift away from the equilibrium paradigms dominant globally in the 1960s and towards modern non-equilibrium frameworks of forest dynamics. Empirical studies of tectonic ecology in these temperate forests in combination with critical evaluations of earlier successional theory have significantly advanced understanding of the roles of coarse-scale disturbance in the dynamics of forests in southwestern South America and New Zealand. Recognition that cohort forest structures...

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/0028825X.2015.1130726

Thomas T. Veblen

Papers

Gap formation and dieback in Fuego-Patagonian Nothofagus forests

Ecological effects of the Hayman Fire - Part 2: Historical (pre-1860) and current (1860-2002) forest and landscape structure

Distribution and state of conservation of alerce (Fitzroya cupressoides (Mol.) Johnst.) in Argentina.

Alteración natural y dinámica regenerativa de las especies chilenas de Nothofagus de la Región de Los Lagos

Tectonic ecology of the temperate forests of South America and New Zealand