Preface to the Princeton Landmarks in Biology Edition vii Preface xi Symbols Used xiii 1. The Importance of Islands 3 2. Area and Number of Speicies 8 3. Further Explanations of the Area-Diversity Pattern 19 4. The Strategy of Colonization 68 5. Invasibility and the Variable Niche 94 6. Stepping Stones and Biotic Exchange 123 7. Evolutionary Changes Following Colonization 145 8. Prospect 181 Glossary 185 References 193 Index 201

The Theory of Island Biogeography

Statistics for Spatial Data.

https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00457602/document

A global overview of drought and heat-induced tree mortality reveals emerging climate change risks for forests

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Modern Applied Statistics With S

The terrestrial carbon sink has been large in recent decades, but its size and location remain uncertain. Using forest inventory data and long-term ecosystem carbon studies, we estimate a total forest sink of 2.4 ± 0.4 petagrams of carbon per year (Pg C year–1) globally for 1990 to 2007. We also estimate a source of 1.3 ± 0.7 Pg C year–1 from tropical land-use change, consisting of a gross tropical deforestation emission of 2.9 ± 0.5 Pg C year–1 partially compensated by a carbon sink in tropical forest regrowth of 1.6 ± 0.5 Pg C year–1. Together, the fluxes comprise a net global forest sink of 1.1 ± 0.8 Pg C year–1, with tropical estimates having the largest uncertainties. Our total forest sink estimate is equivalent in magnitude to the terrestrial sink deduced from fossil fuel emissions and land-use change sources minus ocean and atmospheric sinks.

/pdf/a-large-and-persistent-carbon-sink-in-the-world-s-forests-2rgrfjaqnh.pdf

A Large and Persistent Carbon Sink in the World’s Forests

Recent shifts in global forest area highlight the importance of understanding the causes and consequences of forest change. To examine the influence of several potential drivers of forest cover change, we used supervised classifications of historical (1938–1940) and contemporary (2015) aerial imagery covering a 2932-km study area in the northern Front Range (NFR) of Colorado and we linked observed changes in forest cover with abiotic factors, land use, and fire history. Forest cover in the NFR demonstrated broadscale changes 1938–2015 and overall cover increased 7.8%, but there was notable spatial variability and many sites also experienced Forest Loss. Recent (1978–2015) wildfire was the largest single driver of Forest Loss, with fires burning 14.3% of the total study area. Recently burned areas showed net losses of 36.9% forest cover. Reasons for Forest Gain were more complex, with elevation, past mining density, fire history, and topographic heat load index being the strongest predictors of increases in forest cover. Historical mining activity is one of the dominant anthropogenic impacts in ecosystems in the NFR and it had a complex, non-linear relationship with 20th-century changes in forest cover. Subalpine stands originating after standreplacing fires circa mid-1800s to early 1900s showed some of the greatest gains in forest cover, indicative of slow and continuous post-fire recovery through the 20th century. We also investigated factors such as land ownership, road density, forest management activities, and development intensity, which played detectable, but more minor roles in observed change. Twentieth-century changes in forest cover throughout the NFR are a result of ecological disturbances and anthropogenic influences operating at varying timescales and overlaid upon variability in the abiotic environment.

https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/ecs2.2594

Wildfire activity and land use drove 20th‐century changes in forest cover in the Colorado front range

Digital and visual analysis of thematic mapper imagery for differentiating old growth from younger spruce-fir stands

Temperate Forests of the Southern Andean Region

En los bosques templados de Chile y Argentina la polilla fitofaga Ormiscodes amphimone (F.) genera severas defoliaciones sobre la lenga (Nothofagus pumilio [Poepp. & Endl.] Krasser). El reciente aumento en la frecuencia de defoliacion en algunas areas de la Patagonia pareceria estar influenciada por un clima mas calido. Para evaluar los efectos de la temperatura y la heterogeneidad espacial en la calidad del follaje sobre el desempeno y la tasa de consumo relativo del defoliador O. amphimone en el noroeste de la Patagonia argentina llevamos a cabo un experimento factorial. El desempeno larval fue medido como tasa de crecimiento relativo, tiempo de desarrollo, supervivencia larval y peso de las pupas. Las larvas de O. amphimone fueron criadas bajo dos temperaturas constantes (15 °C y 20 °C) y alimentadas con dos tipos de follaje de N. pumilio (de un sitio mesico y de uno xerico). Las larvas criadas a la temperatura mas alta y alimentadas con hojas del sitio mesico exhibieron desempenos y tasas de consumo mas elevadas que las larvas en los otros tratamientos. La temperatura mas alta y el follaje del sitio mesico tuvieron efectos positivos en la tasa de crecimiento relativo, el tiempo de desarrollo y la tasa de consumo relativo. Sin embargo, el peso de las pupas fue influenciado positivamente por el follaje mesico pero no por la temperatura, y la supervivencia larval no mostro diferencias significativas entre tratamientos. Nuestros resultados sugieren preliminarmente que el desempeno y la tasa de consumo de O. amphimone podrian aumentar bajo condiciones de temperatura mas elevadas, especialmente en los sitios mesicos del gradiente de precipitacion. Sin embargo, estos resultados deben ser interpretados en forma prudente ya que mas estudios son necesarios para evaluar los efectos de temperaturas elevadas sobre la calidad foliar de N. pumilio.

/pdf/temperature-and-foliage-quality-affect-performance-of-the-1b4b2xcu2d.pdf

Temperature and foliage quality affect performance of the outbreak defoliator Ormiscodes amphimone (F.) (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) in northwestern Patagonia, Argentina

Many researchers in New Zealand have accepted equilibrium models of vegetation change that assume within-stand self-replacement of the dominant tree species as the norm. Consequently, many discontinuous stand structures have been used as evidence of forest instability. For example, the patterns of regeneration and mortality in the rata-kamahi forests of Westland have led many to believe that the present canopy tree mortality is excessive. As a result, there has been considerable research on browsing by the introduced brush-tailed possum as the primary cause of the mortality. We suggest that any interpretation of this forest pattern must include a consideration of the influences on the vegetation of natural disturbances. Abundant evidence suggests that at least some of the mortality is due to senescence of cohorts of trees that originated at approximately the same time after events such as windthrow and mass movements. It may be that browsing by possums hastens the death of trees already susceptible as a result of natural stand development processes. ABSTRACT: Many researchers in New Zealand have accepted equilibrium models of vegetation change that assume within-stand self-replacement of the dominant tree species as the norm. Consequently, many discontinuous stand structures have been used as evidence of forest instability. For example, the patterns of regeneration and mortality in the rata-kamahi forests of Westland have led many to believe that the present canopy tree mortality is excessive. As a result, there has been considerable research on browsing by the introduced brush-tailed possum as the primary cause of the mortality. We suggest that any interpretation of this forest pattern must include a consideration of the influences on the vegetation of natural disturbances. Abundant evidence suggests that at least some of the mortality is due to senescence of cohorts of trees that originated at approximately the same time after events such as windthrow and mass movements. It may be that browsing by possums hastens the death of trees already susceptible as a result of natural stand development

/pdf/forest-instability-and-canopy-tree-mortality-in-westland-new-kiw88hrpke.pdf

Thomas T. Veblen

Papers

Wildfire activity and land use drove 20th‐century changes in forest cover in the Colorado front range

Digital and visual analysis of thematic mapper imagery for differentiating old growth from younger spruce-fir stands

Temperate Forests of the Southern Andean Region

Temperature and foliage quality affect performance of the outbreak defoliator Ormiscodes amphimone (F.) (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) in northwestern Patagonia, Argentina

Forest Instability and Canopy Tree Mortality in Westland, New Zealand!