Thomas Wintgens

TL;DR: The most commonly used desalination technologies are reverse osmosis (RO) and thermal processes such as multi-stage flash (MSF) and multi-effect distillation (MED) as mentioned in this paper.

TL;DR: An overview of the status of membrane bioreactor applications in municipal wastewater reclamation and reuse in Europe can be found in this paper, where a case study is presented on a full-scale MBR plant for municipal wastewater which is operated by Aquafin in Belgium.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a survey of water reuse practices in Europe and set out the map of the water reclamation technologies and reuse applications, based on a conventional literature survey, on the preliminary evaluation of an in-depth survey of a large number of European water reuse projects and on the findings of a dedicated international workshop.

TL;DR: An overview of the status of membrane processes in wastewater reclamation and reuse world-wide and depict their potential role in promoting more sustainable water use patterns is provided in this paper, where two types of systems have been built, a centralised type of treatment with dual membrane processes, including microfiltration (MF) and reverse osmosis (RO), and small scale systems using membrane bioreactors.

TL;DR: In this article, six independent research projects are presented, starting from different angles, all groups finally ended up analysing the organic fraction in the effluent and activated sludge supernatant, respectively.