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Using Multivariate Statistics

Numerous studies show that happy individuals are successful across multiple life domains, including marriage, friendship, income, work performance, and health. The authors suggest a conceptual model to account for these findings, arguing that the happiness-success link exists not only because success makes people happy, but also because positive affect engenders success. Three classes of evidence--crosssectional, longitudinal, and experimental--are documented to test their model. Relevant studies are described and their effect sizes combined meta-analytically. The results reveal that happiness is associated with and precedes numerous successful outcomes, as well as behaviors paralleling success. Furthermore, the evidence suggests that positive affect--the hallmark of well-being--may be the cause of many of the desirable characteristics, resources, and successes correlated with happiness. Limitations, empirical issues, and important future research questions are discussed.

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The Benefits of Frequent Positive Affect: Does Happiness Lead to Success?

A cognitive model of posttraumatic stress disorder

At the heart of emotion, mood, and any other emotionally charged event are states experienced as simply feeling good or bad, energized or enervated. These states--called core affect--influence reflexes, perception, cognition, and behavior and are influenced by many causes internal and external, but people have no direct access to these causal connections. Core affect can therefore be experienced as free-floating (mood) or can be attributed to some cause (and thereby begin an emotional episode). These basic processes spawn a broad framework that includes perception of the core-affect-altering properties of stimuli, motives, empathy, emotional meta-experience, and affect versus emotion regulation; it accounts for prototypical emotional episodes, such as fear and anger, as core affect attributed to something plus various nonemotional processes.

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Core Affect and the Psychological Construction of Emotion

Attentional control theory is an approach to anxiety and cognition representing a major development of Eysenck and Calvo's (1992) processing efficiency theory. It is assumed that anxiety impairs efficient functioning of the goal-directed attentional system and increases the extent to which processing is influenced by the stimulus-driven attentional system. In addition to decreasing attentional control, anxiety increases attention to threat-related stimuli. Adverse effects of anxiety on processing efficiency depend on two central executive functions involving attentional control: inhibition and shifting. However, anxiety may not impair performance effectiveness (quality of performance) when it leads to the use of compensatory strategies (e.g., enhanced effort; increased use of processing resources). Directions for future research are discussed.

Anxiety and cognitive performance: Attentional control theory.

Partial table of contents: GENERAL ASPECTS. The Philosophy of Cognition and Emotion (W. Lyons). Basic Emotions (P. Ekman). Research Methods in Cognition and Emotion (W. Parrott & P. Hertel). COGNITIVE PROCESSES. Selective Attention and Anxiety: A Cognitive-Motivational Perspective (K. Mogg & B. Bradley). The Cognitive Science of Attention and Emotion (G. Matthews & A. Wells). Mood and Memory (H. Ellis & B. Moore). Autobiographical Memory (H. Healy & J. Williams). Inhibition Processes in Cognition and Emotion: A Special Case (T. Dalgleish, et al.). EMOTIONS. Anger (L. Berkowitz). Disgust: The Body and Soul Emotion (P. Rozin, et al.). Panic and Phobias (R. McNally). Sadness and its Disorders (M. Power). Jealousy and Envy (M. East & F. Watts). THEORIES IN COGNITION AND EMOTION. Network Theories and Beyond (J. Forgas). Appraisal Theory (K. Scherer). Multi-Level Theories of Cognition-Emotion Relations (J. Teasdale). APPLIED ISSUES. Creativity in the Domain of Emotion (J. Averill). Forensic Applications of Theories of Cognition and Emotion (D. Bekerian & S. Goodrich). Cognition and Emotion: Future Directions (T. Dalgleish & M. Power). Indexes.

Handbook of cognition and emotion

A cognitive theory of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is proposed that assumes traumas experienced after early childhood give rise to 2 sorts of memory, 1 verbally accessible and 1 automatically accessible through appropriate situational cues. These different types of memory are used to explain the complex phenomenology of PTSD, including the experiences of reliving the traumatic event and of emotionally processing the trauma. The theory considers 3 possible outcomes of the emotional processing of trauma, successful completion, chronic processing, and premature inhibition of processing. We discuss the implications of the theory for research design, clinical practice, and resolving contradictions in the empirical data.

A dual representation theory of posttraumatic stress disorder.

The authors review research showing that when recalling autobiographical events, many emotionally disturbed patients summarize categories of events rather than retrieving a single episode. The mechanisms underlying such overgeneral memory are examined, with a focus on M. A. Conway and C. W. Pleydell-Pearce's (2000) hierarchical search model of personal event retrieval. An elaboration of this model is proposed to account for overgeneral memory, focusing on how memory search can be affected by (a) capture and rumination processes, when mnemonic information used in retrieval activates ruminative thinking; (b) functional avoidance, when episodic material threatens to cause affective disturbance; and (c) impairment in executive capacity and control that limits an individual's ability to remain focused on retrieval in the face of distraction.

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Autobiographical memory specificity and emotional disorder.

http://cel.huji.ac.il/courses/structureandprocesses/Bibliography/Somatic_Marker_%202006.pdf

The somatic marker hypothesis: a critical evaluation

1. Introduction Part One - Philosophy And Theory 2. The Cognitive Philosophy of Emotion 3. Cognitive Theories of Emotion 4. Cognitive Theories of Emotional Disorder 5. Towards an Integrated Cognitive Theory of Emotion: The Spaars Approach Part Two - Basic Emotions and Their Disorders 6. Fear 7. Sadness 8. Anger 9. Disgust 10. Happiness 11. Overview and Conclusions

Tim Dalgleish

Papers

Handbook of cognition and emotion

A dual representation theory of posttraumatic stress disorder.

Autobiographical memory specificity and emotional disorder.

The somatic marker hypothesis: a critical evaluation

Cognition and Emotion : From Order to Disorder