Timothy R. Oke

TL;DR: An objective hydteresis model to predict the storage heat flux in urban areas is presented in this article, which only requires land cover and net all-wave radiation as input, but it can be further refined to include anthropogenic heat release, the three-dimensional form of the surface, and can allow for changes in source area Tests against energy balance data from a site in Vancouver, BC indicate the model simulates most aspects of measured storage energy flux values for a suburban site in both winter and summer.

TL;DR: In this article, a small-perturbation approach to diffusion theory and a plume diffusion model are used in a numerical source-area model (SAM) to estimate this region, depending on meteorological scaling parameters and the reference location.

TL;DR: In the last two decades substantial advances have been made in the understanding of the scientific basis of urban climates as discussed by the authors, with attention to sustainability of cities, applications that use climate information, and scientific understanding in relation to measurements and modelling.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors presented directly measured energy balance fluxes for suburban areas in four cities within the United States: Tucson, Sacramento, Chicago, and Los Angeles, representing a range of synoptic regimes and surface morphologies (built and vegetative).

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors demonstrated the temporal aspects of the urban heat island (UHI) of Vancouver, British Columbia, using differences of screen-level air temperature observed at an urban (downtown) and rural (farmland) site for three years.