Data Mining Practical Machine Learning Tools and Techniques

In this article, we review special features of Gwyddion—a modular, multiplatform, open-source software for scanning probe microscopy data processing, which is available at http://gwyddion.net/. We describe its architecture with emphasis on modularity and easy integration of the provided algorithms into other software. Special functionalities, such as data processing from non-rectangular areas, grain and particle analysis, and metrology support are discussed as well. It is shown that on the basis of open-source software development, a fully functional software package can be created that covers the needs of a large part of the scanning probe microscopy user community.

https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.2478/s11534-011-0096-2/pdf

Gwyddion: an open-source software for SPM data analysis

Review of in-situ process monitoring and in-situ metrology for metal additive manufacturing

Manufacturing and measurement of freeform optics

Propulsion system development requires new, more affordable manufacturing techniques and technologies in a constrained budget environment, while future in-space applications will require in-space manufacturing and assembly of parts and systems. Marshall is advancing cuttingedge commercial capabilities in additive and digital manufacturing and applying them to aerospace challenges. The Center is developing the standards by which new manufacturing processes and parts will be tested and qualified. Rapidly evolving digital tools, such as additive manufacturing, are the leading edge of a revolution in the design and manufacture of space systems that enables rapid prototyping and reduces production times. Marshall has unique expertise in leveraging new digital tools, 3D printing, and other advanced manufacturing technologies and applying them to propulsion systems design and other aerospace materials to meet NASA mission and industry needs. Marshall is helping establish the standards and qualifications “from art to part” for the use of these advanced techniques and the parts produced using them in aerospace or elsewhere in the U.S. industrial base.

Additive manufacturing

Abstract The ability of industrial X-ray computed tomography (CT) to scan an object with several internal and external features at once causes increasing adoption in dimensional metrology. In order to evaluate the quality of a measurement value, the task-specific measurement uncertainty has to be determined. Currently, VDI/VDE 2630 part 2.1 gives a guideline to determine the uncertainty of CT measurements experimentally by conducting repeated measurements. This is costly and time-consuming. Thus, the aim is to determine the task-specific measurement uncertainty numerically by simulations (e. g. according to the guide to expression of uncertainty in measurement (GUM) Supplement 1). To achieve that, a digital twin is necessary. This contribution presents a simple first approach how a digital twin can be built. In order to evaluate this approach, a study comparing measurements and simulations of different real CT systems was carried out by determining the differences between the measurement results of the digital twin and of the measurement results of the real-world CT systems. The results have shown a moderate agreement between real and simulated data. To improve on this aspect, a standardized method to characterize CT systems and methods to implement CT parameters into the simulation with sufficient accuracy will be developed.

Numerical measurement uncertainty evaluation for X-ray computed tomography using simulations – A first approach to build a digital twin

One major advantage of additive manufacturing is the high freedom of design, which supports the fabrication of complex structures. However, geometrical features such as combined massive volumes and cellular structures in such parts can lead to an uneven heat distribution during processing, resulting in different material properties throughout the part. In this study, we demonstrate these effects, using a complex structure consisting of three conic shapes with narrow cylinders in between hindering heat flux. We manufacture the parts via powder bed fusion of Ti6Al4V by applying a laser beam (PBF-LB/M) as well as an electron beam (PBF-EB). We investigate the impact of the different thermal regimes on the part density, microstructure and mechanical properties aided by finite element simulations as well as by thermography and X-ray computed tomography measurements. Both simulations and thermography show an increase in inter-layer temperature with increasing part radius, subsequently leading to heat accumulation along the build direction. While the geometry and thermal history have a minor influence on the relative density of the parts, the microstructure is greatly affected by the thermal history in PBF-LB/M. The acicular martensitic structure in the narrow parts is decomposed into a mix of tempered lath-like martensite and an ultrafine α + β microstructure with increasing part radius. The EBM part exhibits a lamellar α + β microstructure for both the cylindric and conic structures. The different microstructures directly influence the hardness of the parts. For the PBF-LB part, the hardness ranges between 400 HV0.5 in the narrow sections and a maximum hardness of 450 HV0.5 in the broader sections, while the PBF-EB part exhibits hardness values between 280 and 380 HV0.5.

/pdf/geometrical-influence-on-material-properties-for-ti6al4v-2kax54ts.pdf

Geometrical Influence on Material Properties for Ti6Al4V Parts in Powder Bed Fusion

The paper describes the operation of a high-precision wide scale three-dimensional nanopositioning and nanomeasuring machine (NPM-Machine) having a resolution of 0,1 nm over the positioning and measuring range of 25 mm × 25 mm × 5 mm. The NPM-Machine has been developed by the Technische Universitat Ilmenau and manufactured by the SIOS Mestechnik GmbH Ilmenau. The machines are operating successfully in several German and foreign research institutes including the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB).

Progress on the wide scale Nano-positioning and Nanomeasuring Machine by Integration of Optical-Nanoprobes

Simulation der morphologischen Filterung und der Abplattung der Rauheitsspitzen mechanisch bearbeiteter Werkstücke und deren Auswirkung auf die Bewertung der Formabweichung in der Koordinatenmesstechnik

A method for tactile detection of a part, in particular for probing of geometric precision parts, using a scanning element (4) attached to a stylus (3) is arranged, which is attached to a rigid, and because at least one reflecting surface reflecting body (1), characterized, in that - for connecting the rigid, the reflecting body (1) with a fixed point (2) at least one material-locking spring joint (7) is used, and - which is dependent on the X-, Y- and Z-components of the trigger force deflection of the bending-resistant, reflective body (1) with at least one distance-measuring interferometer (6), which is connected to the fixed point (2) is detected.

Tino Hausotte

Papers

Numerical measurement uncertainty evaluation for X-ray computed tomography using simulations – A first approach to build a digital twin

Geometrical Influence on Material Properties for Ti6Al4V Parts in Powder Bed Fusion

Progress on the wide scale Nano-positioning and Nanomeasuring Machine by Integration of Optical-Nanoprobes

Simulation der morphologischen Filterung und der Abplattung der Rauheitsspitzen mechanisch bearbeiteter Werkstücke und deren Auswirkung auf die Bewertung der Formabweichung in der Koordinatenmesstechnik

Method and device for tactile detection