世界経済・社会統計 = World development indicators

The global burden of disease.

Critical care and the global burden of critical illness in adults

Hepatitis B vaccines.

https://usiraq.procon.org/sourcefiles/MortalityCrossSectional.pdf

Mortality after the 2003 invasion of Iraq: a cross-sectional cluster sample survey

http://conflict.lshtm.ac.uk/media/DRC_mort_2003_2004_Coghlan_Lancet_2006.pdf

Mortality in the Democratic Republic of Congo: a nationwide survey.

BACKGROUND: The humanitarian crisis in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) has been among the world's deadliest in recent decades. We conducted our third nationwide survey to examine trends in mortality rates during a period of changing political, security, and humanitarian conditions. METHODS: We used a 3-stage, household-based cluster sampling technique to compare east and west DRC. Sixteen east health zones and 15 west zones were selected with a probability proportional to population size. Four east zones were purposely selected to allow historical comparisons. The 20 smallest population units were sampled in each zone, 20 households in each unit. The number and distribution of households determined whether they were selected using systematic random or random walk sampling. Respondents were asked about deaths of household members during the recall period: January 2006-April 2007. FINDINGS: In all, 14,000 households were visited. The national crude mortality rate of 2.2 deaths per 1000 population per month (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.1-2.3) is almost 70% higher than that documented for DRC in the 1984 census (1.3) and is unchanged since 2004. A small but significant decrease in mortality since 2004 in the insecure east (rate ratio: 0.96, P = .026) was offset by increases in the western provinces and a transition area in the center of the country. Nonetheless, the crude mortality rate in the insecure east (2.6) remains significantly higher than in the other regions (2.0 and 2.1, respectively). Deaths from violence have declined since 2004 (rate ratio 0.7, P = .02). CONCLUSIONS: More than 4 years after the official end of war, the crude mortality rate remains elevated across DRC. Slight but significant improvements in mortality in the insecure east coincided temporally with recent progress on security, humanitarian, and political fronts. Language: en

Update on mortality in the Democratic Republic of Congo: results from a third nationwide survey.

At-birth immunisation against hepatitis B using a novel pre-filled immunisation device stored outside the cold chain

Implementing the birth dose of hepatitis B vaccine in rural Indonesia.

In April-May 2001, a study was conducted to determine the prevalence of antibodies against hepatitis E virus (HEV) among 426 persons 8-49 years of age randomly selected from two groups of rural villages in central Tibet. Group 1 villages were assessed in 1998 as having poor quality water sources; new water systems were then constructed prior to this study. Group 2 villages had higher quality water and were not designated as priority villages for new systems prior to the study. No participants tested positive for IgM; only IgG was detected in the analyzed samples. Overall, 31% of the participants had ever been infected with HEV (95% confidence interval [CI] = 26.7-35.7%). The rate was higher in men (36.6%) than women (26.3%) and highest in those 30-39 years of age (49.1%). The rate of past infection was higher in group 1; the risk ratio was 2.77 (95% CI = 1.98-3.88). This difference is most likely the result of the poor quality of the original water sources in these villages. In resource-poor countries, HEV may be a useful health indicator reflecting the degree of contamination in village water sources. This may be especially important in rural areas (such as Tibet) where maternal mortality ratios are high because HEV may be an important cause of deaths during pregnancy in disease-endemic areas.

Tony Stewart

Papers

Mortality in the Democratic Republic of Congo: a nationwide survey.

Update on mortality in the Democratic Republic of Congo: results from a third nationwide survey.

At-birth immunisation against hepatitis B using a novel pre-filled immunisation device stored outside the cold chain

Implementing the birth dose of hepatitis B vaccine in rural Indonesia.

Hepatitis E virus infection as a marker for contaminated community drinking water sources in Tibetan villages.