As companies strive to develop artefacts intended for services instead of traditional sell-off, new challenges in the product development process arise to promote continuous improvement and increasing market profits. This creates a focus on product life-cycle components as companies then make life-cycle commitments, where they are responsible for the function availability during the extent of the life-cycle, i.e. functional products. One of these life-cycle components is manufacturing; therefore, companies search for new approaches of success during manufacturability evaluation already in engineering design. Efforts have been done to support early engineering design, as this phase sets constraints and opportunities for manufacturing. These efforts have turned into design for manufacturing methods and guidelines. A further step to improve the life-cycle focus during early engineering design is to reuse results and use experience from earlier projects. However, because results and experiences created during project work are often not documented for reuse, only remembered by some people, there is a need for design support. Knowledge engineering (KE) is a methodology for creating knowledge-based systems, e.g. systems that enable reuse of earlier results and make available both explicit and tacit corporate knowledge, enabling the automated generation and evaluation of new engineering design solutions during early product development. There are a variety of KE-approaches, such as knowledge-based engineering, case-based reasoning and programming, which have been used in research to develop design for manufacturing methods and applications. There are, however, opportunities for research where several approaches and their interdependencies, to create a transparent picture of how KE can be used to support engineering design, are investigated. The aim of the research presented in this thesis is to create new methods for design for manufacturing, by using several approaches of KE, and find the beneficial and less beneficial aspects of these methods in comparison to each other and earlier research. This thesis presents methods and applications for design for manufacturing using KE. KE has been employed in several ways, namely rule-based, rule-, programmingand finite element analysis (FEA)-based, and ruleand plan-based, which are tested and compared with each other. Results show that KE can be used to generate information about manufacturing in several ways. The rule-based way is suitable for supporting life-cycle commitments, as engineering design and manufacturing can be integrated with maintenance and performance predictions during early engineering design, though limited to the firing of production rules. The rule-, programmingand FEA-based way can be used to integrate computer-aided design tools and virtual manufacturing for non-linear stress and displacement analysis. This way may also bridge the gap between engineering designers and computational experts, even though this way requires a larger effort to program than the rule-based. The ruleand planbased way can enable design for manufacturing in two fashions – based on earlier manufacturing plans and based on rules. Because earlier manufacturing plans, together with programming algorithms, can handle knowledge that may be more intricate to capture as rules, as opposed to the time demanding routine work that is often automated by means of rules, several opportunities for designing for manufacturing exist.

Methods and Applications

I disagree with the view Sally Haslett presented (Nursing Standard week ending April 23) of practice nurses in [Illegible word] efforts to promote her app[Illegible word], to save district health authority family planning clinics!

An alternative view.

Storage of starch and lipids in microalgae: Biosynthesis and manipulation by nutrients.

Reactive oxygen species and their applications toward enhanced lipid accumulation in oleaginous microorganisms

Microalgae have received widespread interest owing to their potential in biofuel production. However, economical microalgal biomass production is conditioned by enhancing the lipid accumulation without decreasing growth rate or by increasing both simultaneously. While extensive investigation has been performed on promoting the economic feasibility of microalgal-based biofuel production that aims to increase the productivity of microalgae species, only a handful of them deal with increasing lipid productivity (based on lipid contents and growth rate) in the feedstock production process. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the recent advances and novel approaches in promoting lipid productivity (depends on biomass and lipid contents) in feedstock production from strain selection to after-harvesting stages. The current study comprises two parts. In the first part, bilateral improving biomass/lipid production will be investigated in upstream measures, including strain selection, genetic engineering, and cultivation stages. In the second part, the enhancement of lipid productivity will be discussed in the downstream measure included in the harvesting and after-harvesting stages. An integrated approach involving the strategies for increasing lipid productivity in up- and down-stream measures can be a breakthrough approach that would promote the commercialization of market-driven microalgae-derived biofuel production.

Improving ‘Lipid Productivity’ in Microalgae by Bilateral Enhancement of Biomass and Lipid Contents: A Review

The unicellular marine alga Dunaliella salina is a most interesting green cell factory for the production of carotenes and lipids under extreme environment conditions. However, the culture conditions and their productivity are the major challenges faced by researchers which still need to be addressed. In this study, we investigated the effect of bicarbonate amendment on biomass, photosynthetic activity, biochemical constituents, nutrient uptake and antioxidant response of D. salina during macronutrient deficit conditions (N−, P− and S−). Under nutrient deficit conditions, addition of sodium bicarbonate (100 mM) significantly increased the biomass, carotenoids including β-carotene and lutein, lipid, and fatty acid content with concurrent enhancement of the activities of nutrient assimilatory and carbonic anhydrase enzymes. Maximum accumulation of carotenoid especially β-carotene (192.8 ± 2.11 µg/100 mg) and lipids (53.9%) was observed on addition of bicarbonate during nitrate deficiency compared to phosphate and sulphate deficiency. Supplementation of bicarbonate reduced the oxidative stress caused by ROS, lowered lipid peroxidation damage and improved the activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT and APX) in D. salina cultures under nutrient stress.

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Bicarbonate supplementation enhances growth and biochemical composition of Dunaliella salina V-101 by reducing oxidative stress induced during macronutrient deficit conditions

Recombinant engineered phage-derived enzybiotic in Pichia pastoris X-33 as whole cell biocatalyst for effective biocontrol of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in aquaculture.

• Carotenoids are natural pigments with significant biological and commercial values. • Microalgae are promising source for carotenoids. • Advanced genetic manipulation tools (Overexpression and gene knockout) are helping to overproduce the carotenoid content. • Manipulating the genes of key enzymes can enhance the carotenoid content in microalgae. Carotenoids are the most diverse pigments found in plants and animals. Carotenoids of various hues such as orange, red, and yellow are abundant in fruits and flowers. Also, they are responsible for the colors seen in some birds and fish. These pigments also offer significant health advantages, such as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, and they have a wide range of applications in the food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries. Carotenoids are key phytocomponents in plants and microalgae for light harvesting, energy transfer during photosynthesis, and protection from photo-oxidative damage. Microalgae are a diverse group of photosynthetic organisms that provide the foundation of the food chain in aquatic habitats. Dunaleilla salina, Haematococcus pluvialis, Chlorella vulgaris, Chlorella pyrenoidosa, and Chlorella zofingiensis are the richest sources for β-carotene, astaxanthin, lycopene, lutein, and zeaxanthin. Microalgae provide renewable supplies for increasing carotenoids because of their perfect host environment, simplicity of culture, and rapid growth rate. Genetic manipulation tools such as overexpression and gene knockout techniques are emerging approaches to study the carotenoid metabolic pathway and reveal information about the critical enzymes in the pathway. In this review, we discussed recent developments in genetic manipulation to overproduce carotenoids. Recent genetic manipulation tools are potential options for increasing productivity in microalgae. These approaches will enhance the production of carotenoids in commercial microalgal species for industrial applications. 

Velmurugan Aswini

Papers

Bicarbonate supplementation enhances growth and biochemical composition of Dunaliella salina V-101 by reducing oxidative stress induced during macronutrient deficit conditions

Recombinant engineered phage-derived enzybiotic in Pichia pastoris X-33 as whole cell biocatalyst for effective biocontrol of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in aquaculture.

Genetic manipulation for carotenoid production in microalgae an overview