Probability Distributions.- Linear Models for Regression.- Linear Models for Classification.- Neural Networks.- Kernel Methods.- Sparse Kernel Machines.- Graphical Models.- Mixture Models and EM.- Approximate Inference.- Sampling Methods.- Continuous Latent Variables.- Sequential Data.- Combining Models.

Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning

结节病易误诊,据王洪武等~([1])收集国内18篇关于此病误诊的文献,误诊率高达63.2%,当然有误诊就会有误治,如孙永昌等~([2])报道26例结节病在影像学检查诊断的第一印象中拟诊结核5例,其中就有2例完成规范的抗结核治疗,为此应引起临床对本病诊治的重视。

Sarcoidosis

Articular cartilage was predicted to be one of the first tissues to successfully be regenerated, but this proved incorrect In contrast, bone (but also vasculature and cardiac tissues) has seen numerous successful reparative approaches, despite consisting of multiple cell and tissue types and, thus, possessing more complex design requirements Here, we use bone-regeneration successes to highlight cartilage-regeneration challenges: such as selecting appropriate cell sources and scaffolds, creating biomechanically suitable tissues, and integrating to native tissue We also discuss technologies that can address the hurdles of engineering a tissue possessing mechanical properties that are unmatched in human-made materials and functioning in environments unfavorable to neotissue growth

/pdf/unlike-bone-cartilage-regeneration-remains-elusive-1v15bd07dw.pdf

Unlike Bone, Cartilage Regeneration Remains Elusive

This review analyzes the literature of bone grafts and introduces tissue engineering as a strategy in this field of orthopedic surgery. We evaluated articles concerning bone grafts; analyzed characteristics, advantages, and limitations of the grafts; and provided explanations about bone-tissue engineering technologies. Many bone grafting materials are available to enhance bone healing and regeneration, from bone autografts to graft substitutes; they can be used alone or in combination. Autografts are the gold standard for this purpose, since they provide osteogenic cells, osteoinductive growth factors, and an osteoconductive scaffold, all essential for new bone growth. Autografts carry the limitations of morbidity at the harvesting site and limited availability. Allografts and xenografts carry the risk of disease transmission and rejection. Tissue engineering is a new and developing option that had been introduced to reduce limitations of bone grafts and improve the healing processes of the bone fractures and defects. The combined use of scaffolds, healing promoting factors, together with gene therapy, and, more recently, three-dimensional printing of tissue-engineered constructs may open new insights in the near future.

/pdf/bone-regenerative-medicine-classic-options-novel-strategies-3fz7aanv1p.pdf

Bone regenerative medicine: classic options, novel strategies, and future directions

Ca(2+) is an essential ion in all organisms, where it plays a crucial role in processes ranging from the formation and maintenance of the skeleton to the temporal and spatial regulation of neuronal function. The Ca(2+) balance is maintained by the concerted action of three organ systems, including the gastrointestinal tract, bone, and kidney. An adult ingests on average 1 g Ca(2+) daily from which 0.35 g is absorbed in the small intestine by a mechanism that is controlled primarily by the calciotropic hormones. To maintain the Ca(2+) balance, the kidney must excrete the same amount of Ca(2+) that the small intestine absorbs. This is accomplished by a combination of filtration of Ca(2+) across the glomeruli and subsequent reabsorption of the filtered Ca(2+) along the renal tubules. Bone turnover is a continuous process involving both resorption of existing bone and deposition of new bone. The above-mentioned Ca(2+) fluxes are stimulated by the synergistic actions of active vitamin D (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3)) and parathyroid hormone. Until recently, the mechanism by which Ca(2+) enter the absorptive epithelia was unknown. A major breakthrough in completing the molecular details of these pathways was the identification of the epithelial Ca(2+) channel family consisting of two members: TRPV5 and TRPV6. Functional analysis indicated that these Ca(2+) channels constitute the rate-limiting step in Ca(2+)-transporting epithelia. They form the prime target for hormonal control of the active Ca(2+) flux from the intestinal lumen or urine space to the blood compartment. This review describes the characteristics of epithelial Ca(2+) transport in general and highlights in particular the distinctive features and the physiological relevance of the new epithelial Ca(2+) channels accumulating in a comprehensive model for epithelial Ca(2+) absorption.

https://www.physiology.org/doi/pdf/10.1152/physrev.00003.2004

Calcium Absorption Across Epithelia

Unter den Gelenkarthrosen nimmt die Arthrose des oberen Sprunggelenks (OSG) in gewisser Weise eine Sonderstellung ein: Denn anders als etwa die Gon- oder Coxarthrose ist die OSG-Arthrose am haufigsten Spatfolge eines vorangegangenen Traumas. Fur die Planung der Therapie sollten der Schweregrad der Gelenkveranderungen, die klinischen und radiologischen Befunde sowie der Gesamtzustand des Patienten berucksichtigt werden.

Management der Sprunggelenksarthrose

These techniques use a matrix to cover the defect after debridement, bone marrow stimulation, and optional cancel-lous bone grafting. Fibrin glue is typically used for matrix fixation on the defect. However, insertion and fixation of the matrix in a regular arthroscopic setup with a fluid-filled joint can be technically demanding or impossible. Dislocation, roll-ing, and loss of matrix are commonly encountered problems. This can be time-consuming and frustrating. A dry, fluid-free joint cavity for matrix insertion and fixation would be favor-able. However, usually fluid is needed to inflate the confined space of the ankle joint and to retract the capsule from the anterior joint line to create adequate workspace.To overcome this problem, the authors have developed a technique allowing for minimally invasive retraction of the joint capsule that creates a dry setup for matrix implantation.

Dry Arthroscopy With a Retraction System for Matrix-Aided Cartilage Repair of Osteochondral Lesions of the Talus

Ankle joint replacement

Effects of supramalleolar osteotomies for ankle osteoarthritis on foot kinematics and lower leg muscle activation during walking

The VANTAGE total ankle arthroplasty is a novel anatomic mobile or fixed-bearing total ankle arthroplasty with a good and simple instrumentation giving to surgeons a safe implantation ventral approach technique. Our first cases report a successful functional outcome for patients, with or without additional surgeries, and without very early complications.

Victor Valderrabano

Papers

Management der Sprunggelenksarthrose

Dry Arthroscopy With a Retraction System for Matrix-Aided Cartilage Repair of Osteochondral Lesions of the Talus

Ankle joint replacement

Effects of supramalleolar osteotomies for ankle osteoarthritis on foot kinematics and lower leg muscle activation during walking

Surgical Technique of the VANTAGE Total Ankle Arthroplasty