Probability Distributions.- Linear Models for Regression.- Linear Models for Classification.- Neural Networks.- Kernel Methods.- Sparse Kernel Machines.- Graphical Models.- Mixture Models and EM.- Approximate Inference.- Sampling Methods.- Continuous Latent Variables.- Sequential Data.- Combining Models.

Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning

结节病易误诊,据王洪武等~([1])收集国内18篇关于此病误诊的文献,误诊率高达63.2%,当然有误诊就会有误治,如孙永昌等~([2])报道26例结节病在影像学检查诊断的第一印象中拟诊结核5例,其中就有2例完成规范的抗结核治疗,为此应引起临床对本病诊治的重视。

Sarcoidosis

Articular cartilage was predicted to be one of the first tissues to successfully be regenerated, but this proved incorrect In contrast, bone (but also vasculature and cardiac tissues) has seen numerous successful reparative approaches, despite consisting of multiple cell and tissue types and, thus, possessing more complex design requirements Here, we use bone-regeneration successes to highlight cartilage-regeneration challenges: such as selecting appropriate cell sources and scaffolds, creating biomechanically suitable tissues, and integrating to native tissue We also discuss technologies that can address the hurdles of engineering a tissue possessing mechanical properties that are unmatched in human-made materials and functioning in environments unfavorable to neotissue growth

/pdf/unlike-bone-cartilage-regeneration-remains-elusive-1v15bd07dw.pdf

Unlike Bone, Cartilage Regeneration Remains Elusive

This review analyzes the literature of bone grafts and introduces tissue engineering as a strategy in this field of orthopedic surgery. We evaluated articles concerning bone grafts; analyzed characteristics, advantages, and limitations of the grafts; and provided explanations about bone-tissue engineering technologies. Many bone grafting materials are available to enhance bone healing and regeneration, from bone autografts to graft substitutes; they can be used alone or in combination. Autografts are the gold standard for this purpose, since they provide osteogenic cells, osteoinductive growth factors, and an osteoconductive scaffold, all essential for new bone growth. Autografts carry the limitations of morbidity at the harvesting site and limited availability. Allografts and xenografts carry the risk of disease transmission and rejection. Tissue engineering is a new and developing option that had been introduced to reduce limitations of bone grafts and improve the healing processes of the bone fractures and defects. The combined use of scaffolds, healing promoting factors, together with gene therapy, and, more recently, three-dimensional printing of tissue-engineered constructs may open new insights in the near future.

/pdf/bone-regenerative-medicine-classic-options-novel-strategies-3fz7aanv1p.pdf

Bone regenerative medicine: classic options, novel strategies, and future directions

Ca(2+) is an essential ion in all organisms, where it plays a crucial role in processes ranging from the formation and maintenance of the skeleton to the temporal and spatial regulation of neuronal function. The Ca(2+) balance is maintained by the concerted action of three organ systems, including the gastrointestinal tract, bone, and kidney. An adult ingests on average 1 g Ca(2+) daily from which 0.35 g is absorbed in the small intestine by a mechanism that is controlled primarily by the calciotropic hormones. To maintain the Ca(2+) balance, the kidney must excrete the same amount of Ca(2+) that the small intestine absorbs. This is accomplished by a combination of filtration of Ca(2+) across the glomeruli and subsequent reabsorption of the filtered Ca(2+) along the renal tubules. Bone turnover is a continuous process involving both resorption of existing bone and deposition of new bone. The above-mentioned Ca(2+) fluxes are stimulated by the synergistic actions of active vitamin D (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3)) and parathyroid hormone. Until recently, the mechanism by which Ca(2+) enter the absorptive epithelia was unknown. A major breakthrough in completing the molecular details of these pathways was the identification of the epithelial Ca(2+) channel family consisting of two members: TRPV5 and TRPV6. Functional analysis indicated that these Ca(2+) channels constitute the rate-limiting step in Ca(2+)-transporting epithelia. They form the prime target for hormonal control of the active Ca(2+) flux from the intestinal lumen or urine space to the blood compartment. This review describes the characteristics of epithelial Ca(2+) transport in general and highlights in particular the distinctive features and the physiological relevance of the new epithelial Ca(2+) channels accumulating in a comprehensive model for epithelial Ca(2+) absorption.

https://www.physiology.org/doi/pdf/10.1152/physrev.00003.2004

Calcium Absorption Across Epithelia

Ossifikation bei chronischer Achillessehnentendinose: Ein dritter Unterschenkelknochen

Calcaneal fractures are associated with a high rate of complications, such as subtalar osteoarthritis, hind foot varus malalignment, heel shortening and widening, ventral ankle impingement, and soft tissue complications. To achieve stable fixation and to reduce these complications, a special open reduction and internal fixation technique has been developed. The individual frame-like arrangement of 3 angular stable low-profile plates takes the calcaneal anatomy into account and allows stable fixation in the cortical and subchondral bone. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to describe this new technique in detail and report the preliminary results.

Open Reduction and Internal Fixation of Calcaneal Fractures—The 3-Plates Technique

Die Ossifikation der Achillessehne stellt eine seltene Komplikation der chronischen Achillessehnentendinose dar. Der vorliegende Fallbericht zeigt bei einem 59-jahrigen Patienten nach Achillessehnenverlangerung bei Klumpfus in der fruhen Kindheit eine rekordverdachtige Ossifikation von 10 cm Lange. Bei chronischen Beschwerden und erhohtem Frakturrisiko orientiert sich die Therapiewahl an operativ rekonstruktiven Kriterien.

Ossifikation bei chronischer Achillessehnentendinose

Zusammenfassung Bei posterioren Schulterschmerzen sollte an eine Pathologie im Bereich des N. suprascapularis gedacht werden. Der Nerv kann in seinem Verlauf an der Incisura scapulae eingeklemmt werden oder durch eine Ruptur der Rotatorenmanschette von seinem anatomischen Verlauf abweichen und unter Zug geraten. Dies kann ein Grund fur persistierende Schmerzen auch nach erfolgreicher Rotatorenmanschettennaht sein. Diagnostisch ist die klinische und neurologische Untersuchung wegweisend, wahrend die diagnostische, radiologisch kontrollierte Testinfiltration (Sonographie oder Durchleuchtung) den aktuellen Goldstandard darstellt. Die arthroskopische Dekompression an der Incisura scapulae ist eine sichere und zuverlassige Methode, den Nerv zu befreien. Verschiedene Studien zeigen eine Verbesserung der Muskelfunktion und fuhren zu einer Schmerzreduktion.

Der Karpaltunnel der Schulter / The Carpal Tunnel of the Shoulder: Die arthroskopische Dekompression des N. suprascapularis

Current implant development efforts are continuing in various areas and include the use of more anatomically shaped implants and mobile bearing inlays, development of distinct gender-specific or individualized design, and attempts to retain both cruciate ligaments. Since long-term clinical results are yet to be critically evaluated for more recent adaptations, the evidence is not yet clear whether particular design modifications led to improved clinical outcomes.

Victor Valderrabano

Papers

Ossifikation bei chronischer Achillessehnentendinose: Ein dritter Unterschenkelknochen

Open Reduction and Internal Fixation of Calcaneal Fractures—The 3-Plates Technique

Ossifikation bei chronischer Achillessehnentendinose

Der Karpaltunnel der Schulter / The Carpal Tunnel of the Shoulder: Die arthroskopische Dekompression des N. suprascapularis

8 Design, Shape, and Materials of Total Knee Replacement